Justice and Accountability: Traditional, informal judicial structures continue to fill the gap in justice for many Afghans, while the formal justice sector remains inaccessible and corrupt, and is unable to confront impunity, adjudicate land disputes, unravel criminal networks, or protect the rights of citizens.
Economic Conditions: High economic growth and a more open business environment have improved the general health of the Afghan economy, yet these benefits have not translated into sufficient employment and income generating activities for the ordinary citizen.
Social Services and Infrastructure: Although reconstruction investments by the international community have enhanced social services and infrastructure, deteriorating security conditions, a scarcity of competent personnel and low quality has limited access and its benefits for many Afghans.
The Afghan government and its international allies face a far more difficult and complex situation today than they did when the Taliban fell in 2001. Reforms are required in the military and civilian sectors, especially as the violence is expected to increase as spring approaches.
Countering these negative trends requires a more focused effort. A policy of “staying the course”—even if bolstered by new resources—will not reverse the trends. A fresh surge of supplemental funding is expected this year. It must be directed in a way that finds and engages the maximum number of Afghan citizens.
1. Restore public confidence in the plan for safety. Focus on Kandahar and Helmand provinces; treat the threat as an insurgency; concentrate on ways to counter the Taliban’s tribal and charismatic appeal and tactics of intimidation; and restore confidence in the U.S. and international commitment.
Move from “big army” sweeps to a rapid-response mode that would provide a “15-minute” rapid response protective umbrella in the endangered south and east of thecountry. Establish a consistent Afghan-led security presence in half of the 26 districts in Kandahar and Helmand provinces, with more flexible fighting forces and more helicopters.
Address Pakistan-Afghanistan challenges by focusing on the needs of disenfranchised Pashtun communities on both sides of the border. Invest in intelligence to clarify developments in the border region.
Shift the anti-drug effort from eradication to a combination of purchase, alternative crops, and interdiction, with a particular emphasis on the high-growth provinces ofKandahar and Helmand.
2. Mobilize communities to contribute to the recovery. Move away from over-reliance on Kabul and centralized systems; diminish the role of middle men and corruption; andenhance local participation.
Improve the use of international funds by shifting to a venture-capital model, delivering direct payments to the struggling Afghan middle class, and investing innon-traditional partners.
Leverage existing structures by expanding the National Solidarity Program (NSP) and working with the informal justice sector. Shift 50 percent of the developmentbudget to the provincial level, and distribute direct assistance through the Hawala system.
Expand communications through a single message of effort and partnership, and use “no-tech” to “high-tech” methods such as text messaging or holding meetings inlocal town halls to link up with key gatekeepers of information (e.g., mullahs, truck drivers, local elders).
Restoring progress in Afghanistan requires dramatic changes. If a critical mass of Afghans experiences positive change, the negative trends are reversible. 2007 is the breaking point.
Wednesday, May 16, 2007
Tuesday, May 08, 2007
وزیر فرهنگ درک متضاد از رسانه ها دارد
وزیر اطلاعات و فرهنگ، عبدالکریم خرم، طی نامه یی که به موسسه ی "انترنیوز" فرستاده است، از این موسسه خواسته است تا "هر چه زودتر زاهد شاه انگار، مسؤول رادیو سولی پیغام را از این پست سبکدوش نموده همچنان محتوای نشرات را اصلاح ساخته و به عوض آن شخص واجد شرایط را توظیف نموده و از نتیجه در ظرف یک هفته بمقام وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ اطمینان دهد". جزئیات یشتر را در این مورد، در نامه ی وزیر - که ضمیمتأ نشر نموده ام - دریافت نمائید.
در اینجا میخواهم نامه وزیر اطلاعات و فرهنگ را مورد تحلیل قرار داده و تفسیری از عبارات نامه و ایجابات آن را ارائه کنم. مسایلی که میخواهم به آن بپردازم به گونه زیر است:
· درک وزیر از چگونه گی فعالیت موسسات بین المللی، که حامی رسانه ها اند.
· نوع مالکیت، نحوه ی ساختار و نظارت بر رسانه های آزاد.
· قضاوت در خلاء معلومات، پیرامون رادیو سولی پیغام و شیوه های علمی دریافت اطلاعات در باره ی رسانه ها.
· میزان دانش وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ از شیوه های حل اختلافات محلی در کشور.
· نتیجه گیری.
درک وزیر از چگونه گی فعالیت موسسات بین المللی، که حامی رسانه ها اند:
از لابلای نامه ی وزیر چنین برداشت میشود که "انترنیوز" بر رادیوی "سولی پیغام" نظارت کامل داشته و وزارت میتواند که به یک موسسه بین المللی حامی آزادی رسانه ها، فرمان های "بکو و نکو"را صادر نماید که این خود، نشان دهنده ی فهم وزیر از چگونه گی ارتباط میان بازیگران رسانه یی میباشد. زمانی که وزیر میگوید: "و از نتیجه در ظرف یک هفته بمقام وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ اطمینان دهید" به این معنا است که وزارت و شخص وزیر، میتواند کار انترنیوز را رهبری کند؛ در حالی که انترنیوز از جانب کشور های کمک کننده یی تمویل میشود، که در صدد ایجاد یک بخش (سکتور) رسانه یی آزاد میباشند که توانایی و ظرفیت فعالیت را بدون مداخله ی دولت داشته باشند. کشور های تمویل کننده نمیخواهند، "کریم خرم" و یا کدام مقام دیگر دولتی، چگونگی مصرف پول شان را نظارت کند.
یک سخنگوی سفارت امریکا درکابل، در مورد برخورد وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ با رادیو سولی پیغام گفت: " ساختار ها و بافت های قانونی ایجاد شده است، یا از طریق محاکم و یا هم از طریق قوانین مربوط دیگر، وزارت باید، از این دو جهت به پیش برود. نباید که اهداف از طریق تهدید و یا فشار روی رسانه های مستقل به دست بیاید. هر معضله یی که ایجاد میشود، باید با آن برخورد نهادینه صورت گیرد، نه بر اساس ترجیحات شخصی و سیاسی. ایالات متحده، از فعالیت نهاد ها حمایت میکند."
نوع مالکیت، نحوه ی ساختار و نظارت بر رسانه های آزاد:
نخست اینکه شخص وزیر، تا حال مفهوم رسانه های آزاد را درک ننموده است. "رادیو سولی پیغام از جمله ی 31 دستگاه رادیویی آزاد محلی میباشد، که دفتر انترنیوز آنرا ایجاد و به مردم محل سپرده است. آقای "زاهد شاه انگار" مسـؤول رادیو ی مذکور توسط هیئت رهنمایی رادیو معرفی و به این وظیفه گماشته شده است". این موضوع را "جن مک آرتر"، رئیس موسسه ی انترنیوز گفت.
نهاد ها و موسسات در همه جای دنیا، در تشکیل و مالکیت رسانه سهیم هستند؛ اما رسانه های آزاد از ایجاد کننده گان و تمویل کننده گان خود مستقلانه عمل مینمایند. زمانی که صفحات اساسنامه ی رادیو سولی پیغام را مرور میکردم، نظرم به ماده ی اول بند نخست آن خورد، که در آن آمده است: " رادیو سولی پیغام به مقصد فراهم آوری معلومات و سرگرمی برای مردم در ساحه ی تعیین شده سرمایه گذاری کرده است، مالکیت و پالیسی های ویرایشگری این دستگاه رادیویی، مستقل از دولت خواهد بود و هیچ یک از قبیله ها، ملیت ها، احزاب سیاسی، گروه های مذهبی و یا نهادهای جغرافیایی، این دستگاه را نظارت و بررسی نخواهند نمود."
دولت افغانستان، رادیو سولی پیغام را با ماده ی فوق ثبت و جواز فعالیت داده است. دولت، اصل استقلال مالکیت رادیو را پذیرفته است. اگر وزیر و یا شخص دیگر دولتی این اصل را تهدید میکند، خلاف قانون عمل کرده است. انگار گفت: "یو خو دقانون مسئله ده، یو رادیو کول شی چی تول ورز(ورح)، قران عظیم شان نشر کری، بله رادیو تول ورز موسیقی نشری، خو دقانون خلاف عمل نکوی. موز د قانون خلاف کار نکوو، هاخوا، چی هر شی، نشروو زموز کار دی". انگار ادامه داد " موز خوست کی مطرح یو، هلته دولتی رادیو ده، بله رادیو ده، تلویزیون ده، د خوست دولتی رادیو ته امریکاییان دیر امکانات ورکری دی، خو موز اوریدونکی لرو. نری وال تولنه او افغانی نهادونه موز پیژنی، امریکی سفیر چی رازی، زموز رادیو گوری"
رئیس موسسه ی انترنیوزخانم "جن مک آرتر" گفت: " انترنیوز در موقفی نیست تا مسؤول رادیو را برطرف نماید. ما به این عقیده هم هستیم که دلیل قانع کننده جهت برطرفی وی موجود نیست. به اساس برداشتی که ما از قانون رسانه ها داریم، دلیل موجه یی را نمیبینم که مداخله دولت را هم در مدیریت رادیو، قانونی جلوه دهد".با توجه به این مسئله قانون رسانه ها، شامل فهرستی از تخلفات رسانه یی میباشد. کریم خرم یکی از آن موارد را در نامه اش ذکر ننموده است و هر یک از تخلفات، پس از غور کمیسیون رسیده گی به تخلفات رسانه یی، مجازات معینی دارد که به هر حال، سلب ملکیت رادیو، شامل هیچ یکی از مجازات نمیباشد. به ادعای وزیر اطلاعات وفرهنگ، معترضین، کارکنان رادیو سولی پیغام میباشند؛ اما انگار، مسوؤل رادیو میگوید که این ادعا بی اساس است: "موز په رادیو کی لس تنه کارکونکی لرو، هغی نه سربیره موز شپالس تنه رضاکاران هم لرو، دغه کسان (چی عرضی کری دی) موز سره په رضاکارانه دول همکار وو، دوی زموز کارکونکی ندی، دوی سره زه کم قرارداد نه لرم یا کم بل سند نشته"
قضاوت در خلاء معلومات، پیرامون رادیو سولی پیغام و شیوه های علمی دریافت اطلاعات در باره ی رسانه ها:
کریم خرم منحیث وزیر اطلاعات و فرهنگ در رأس معتبر ترین اداره ی فرهنگی و اطلاعاتی کشور قرار دارد. پیمایش های اطلاعاتی، با در نظر داشت تنوع روش شناسی، یکی از شیوه های علمی میباشد که میتوان در مورد رسانه ها، خبرنگاران و مخاطبان اطلاعات، جمع آوری نمود. وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ نه تنها که تا امروز کدام پژوهش و یا پیمایش علمی، پیرامون سلیقه ی مخاطبان و یا موقف رسانه ها انجام نداده است وبرعلاوه، از اطلاعاتی که دیگر نهاد های علمی و بین المللی تولید نموده است، نیز استفاده نمی نماید. در بخشی از نامه ی خود، وزیر میگوید: "همچنان محتوای نشرات را اصلاح سازید". متاسفانه این عبارت از لحاظ قانونی کم رنگ میباشد. ابهامات موجوده در این عبارت، حاکی از مقاصد پنهانی میباشد. محتوای نشرات اکنون چگونه است؟ چند ساعت و شامل چی موضوعاتی است؟ چی نواقصی دارد؟ کدام یک از آن نواقص غیر قانونی میباشد؟ چی توقع دارید؟ چه گونه باید اصلاح شود؟ چی باید نشر شود؟ این همه پرسش هایی است که وزیر باید به آن اشاره میکرد. پرسش دیگر این است که سبکدوش نمودن زاهد شاه انگار، با اصلاح محتوای نشرات ، چی ربطی دارد؟ سبکدوش نمودن وی به خاطر نشرات کم کیفیت، غیر قانونی میباشد. قانون رسانه ها در این مورد وضاحت دارد. جن مک آرتر رئیس انترنیوزدر این باره می گوید: "از نشراتی که منجر به نقض قانون مطبوعات شده باشد، و یا اینکه نحوه ی عملکرد و یا نشراتی که منجر به تخطی و نقض دیگر قوانین افغانستان شده باشد، هیچ شواهدی در دست نداشته و اطلاعی نداریم".
موسسات "التای، ائینه و انترنیوز" پیمایش هایی را در مورد رادیو سولی پیغام عملی نموده اند که نتایج آن، تشویق کننده میباشد. به گفته ی انگار"در پیمایشی که موسسه ی التای در سال 2004 در خوست نموده بود، دریافت شد که 98% از اهالی خوست، به رادیو سولی پیغام گوش میدهند” در این گزارش آمده است: "هر دو قشر جامعه - اعم از مرد و زن - گزارش دادند که در فهم برنامه هایی رادیو سولی پیغام، کدام مشکلی ندارند".
اساسنامه ی رادیو سولی پیغام، داشتن هیئت مدیره را یک رکن اساسی میشمارد. در اساسنامه آمده است: "هیئت مدیره، برای مدت یکسال کارخواهند نمود، بعدآ اعضا، شاید انتخاب و یا دوباره برای مدت چهارسال مقرر گردند." تنها هیئت مدیره میتواند، مسؤول رادیو را منفک و یا شخص دیگری را جاگزین نماید. اگر هیئت مدیره ی کنونی، نظر به علایقی که به شخص مسؤول رادیو دارند، نمیخواهند و یا نمیتوانند او را سبکدوش نمایند، در آن صورت، مردم محل، با همکاری کارمندان و مسؤول رادیو، هیئت مدیره فعلی را برکنار نموده و هیئت جدید را انتخاب مینمایند. دولت نمیتواند هیئت را مجبور به اخذ تصامیم نماید و یا هیئت را برکنار نماید. دولت میتواند در صورت لزوم دید، یک نفر در هیئت مدیره مقررنماید؛ ولی این شخص، حیثیت مشاور را خواهد داشت و امتیاز رأی دهی را دارا نخواهد بود.
رادیو سولی پیغام، هزارها نامه، هر ماه دریافت مینماید. این نامه ها بازتابی از میزان صمیمت نسبت به رادیو و عادی بودن زنده گی شنونده گان میباشد. در این نامه ها، اشتیاق شدید نسبت به خانواده، دین و وطن ابراز گردیده است. صدق و صفا در قالب واژه ها، نقاشی ها و خطاطی ها و نامه های که به رادیو رسیده، ابراز گردیده است. این نامه ها، تنها یک مجموعه یی نوشتاری نیست؛ بلکه منعکس کننده ی یک فرهنگ ارتباطات است. همه ای این نامه ها، به رادیوسولی پیغام فرستاده شده است. پس کسانی هستند که به رادیو باور دارند و اگر تنها نامه را معیار قرار داده و در باره ی رادیو قضاوت نماییم، نامه های بیشتری به طرفداری از رادیو موجود است، به مقایسه ی تعداد محدودی از انتقاداتی که شخص وزیر، برخلاف رادیو دارد.
میزان دانش وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ از شیوه های حل اختلافات محلی در کشور:
چندی پیش اعتراضنامه ی مشابهی از ولایت خوست به بنیاد فرهنگ و جامعه مدنی مواصلت نمود. نامه از جانب نهاد های مدنی که اکنون از رادیو سولی پیغام شاکی اند، فرستاده شده است. در این نامه، از چگونه گی انتخاب اعضای هیئت مدیره شکایت صورت گرفته است. این هیئت، بنیاد فرهنگ و جامعه مدنی را در خوست رهبری میکنند. نامه ی مذکور را ضمیمه نموده ام. وجوه اشتراک میان عدم رضایت از رادیو و بنیاد فرهنگ و جامعه مدنی وجود دارد و آن مشکل مسئله ی معاشات و امتیازات پولی میباشد.
زاهد شاه انگار با اشاره به مشکل خودش با برخی از نهاد های مدنی گفت: "دافغانستان خلک خو در ته معلومه به یی، هغه کار چی دوی خپله نشی کولای، نورو ته هم دیده نه لری. که حوک یو شه کار وکی، آوازه گدیگی چی تول نری یی وخواره". از داکتر "محمد سعید نیازی" در مورد شکایت جامعه مدنی خوست، در مورد انتخابات هیئت مدیره ی بنیاد فرهنگ و جامعه ی مدنی پرسیدم، وی در پاسخ بیان نمود:"کسانی که انتخاب شده اند، میگویند چرا معاش نداریم، کسانی که انتخاب نشده اند، میگویند که هیأت مدیره دنیا را خورد. ما در افغانستان گرسنه را سیر کرده نمیتوانیم و چشم و دیده نداریم که سیر را ببینیم". نیازی افزود که هیئت مدیره برای مدت دو سال انتخاب شده بود و به زودی مدت کار شان پایان می یابد. با اشاره به کسانی که از انتخابات ناراضی بودند، نیازی گفت: " همان هیأت مدیره، برای دوسال انتخاب شده بود. اگر کسی دیگر آرزو دارد، پیش بیاید. خدا ایشان را قوت بدهد که یک هیات جدید انتخاب کنند."
باید یاد اوری نمود که رئیس هئیت مدیره در وضعیت کنونی، خانم "ساحره شریف" است، که با توجه به این مسؤولیت، بعدهاعضو شورای ملی نیز انتخاب گردید و این خلاف ادعای آنانی میباشد که برعدم توانایی او برای جذب رای تاکید مینمایند.
نتیجه گیری :
وزیر اطلاعات و فرهنگ در نامه ی خود از سبکدوشی زاهد شاه انگار مسؤول رادیو صلح، حرف میزند. دو امکان وجود دارد: نخست اینکه، وزیر اطلاعات و فرهنگ در مورد رادیویی صحبت میکند که "صلح" نام دارد و از جانب نیروی های ائتلاف بین المللی نشر و پخش میگردد و یا اینکه نمیداند که اسم رادیویی که انگار مسؤول آن است صلح نبوده؛ بلکه رادیو "سولی پیغام" است.
در نامه ی شماره 108 مورخ 3/2/1386 وزرات اطلاعات و فرهنگ به مقام ولایت کابل نگاشته شده است: " ... تغییرات و تبادلات اداری از صلاحیت های صاحب امتیاز میباشد. مگر اینکه یقینأ و استنادأ اسناد را(شکایت کننده گان) داشته باشند که فعالیت نشراتی شان (رادیو) برخلاف قانون رسانه های همگانی باشد، در چنین مورد، کمیسیون بررسی شکایات و رسیده گی به تخلفات رسانه ئی در همواری راه شان ممد واقع شده میتواند". این نامه برای آگاهی بیشتر شما – ضمیمتأ - نشر شده است.
در اینجا، ما با دو قضیه ی مشابه مواجه هستیم که عبارت است از: شکایت بعضی از نهاد های محلی از رادیو های محلی شان؛ اما برخورد وزارت دوگانه میباشد: یعنی در نامه ی 1088 یکبار حکم مستقیم برطرفی را میدهد و در نامه 108 امر بر اطاعت ازقانون را مینماید.
در اینجا میخواهم نامه وزیر اطلاعات و فرهنگ را مورد تحلیل قرار داده و تفسیری از عبارات نامه و ایجابات آن را ارائه کنم. مسایلی که میخواهم به آن بپردازم به گونه زیر است:
· درک وزیر از چگونه گی فعالیت موسسات بین المللی، که حامی رسانه ها اند.
· نوع مالکیت، نحوه ی ساختار و نظارت بر رسانه های آزاد.
· قضاوت در خلاء معلومات، پیرامون رادیو سولی پیغام و شیوه های علمی دریافت اطلاعات در باره ی رسانه ها.
· میزان دانش وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ از شیوه های حل اختلافات محلی در کشور.
· نتیجه گیری.
درک وزیر از چگونه گی فعالیت موسسات بین المللی، که حامی رسانه ها اند:
از لابلای نامه ی وزیر چنین برداشت میشود که "انترنیوز" بر رادیوی "سولی پیغام" نظارت کامل داشته و وزارت میتواند که به یک موسسه بین المللی حامی آزادی رسانه ها، فرمان های "بکو و نکو"را صادر نماید که این خود، نشان دهنده ی فهم وزیر از چگونه گی ارتباط میان بازیگران رسانه یی میباشد. زمانی که وزیر میگوید: "و از نتیجه در ظرف یک هفته بمقام وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ اطمینان دهید" به این معنا است که وزارت و شخص وزیر، میتواند کار انترنیوز را رهبری کند؛ در حالی که انترنیوز از جانب کشور های کمک کننده یی تمویل میشود، که در صدد ایجاد یک بخش (سکتور) رسانه یی آزاد میباشند که توانایی و ظرفیت فعالیت را بدون مداخله ی دولت داشته باشند. کشور های تمویل کننده نمیخواهند، "کریم خرم" و یا کدام مقام دیگر دولتی، چگونگی مصرف پول شان را نظارت کند.
یک سخنگوی سفارت امریکا درکابل، در مورد برخورد وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ با رادیو سولی پیغام گفت: " ساختار ها و بافت های قانونی ایجاد شده است، یا از طریق محاکم و یا هم از طریق قوانین مربوط دیگر، وزارت باید، از این دو جهت به پیش برود. نباید که اهداف از طریق تهدید و یا فشار روی رسانه های مستقل به دست بیاید. هر معضله یی که ایجاد میشود، باید با آن برخورد نهادینه صورت گیرد، نه بر اساس ترجیحات شخصی و سیاسی. ایالات متحده، از فعالیت نهاد ها حمایت میکند."
نوع مالکیت، نحوه ی ساختار و نظارت بر رسانه های آزاد:
نخست اینکه شخص وزیر، تا حال مفهوم رسانه های آزاد را درک ننموده است. "رادیو سولی پیغام از جمله ی 31 دستگاه رادیویی آزاد محلی میباشد، که دفتر انترنیوز آنرا ایجاد و به مردم محل سپرده است. آقای "زاهد شاه انگار" مسـؤول رادیو ی مذکور توسط هیئت رهنمایی رادیو معرفی و به این وظیفه گماشته شده است". این موضوع را "جن مک آرتر"، رئیس موسسه ی انترنیوز گفت.
نهاد ها و موسسات در همه جای دنیا، در تشکیل و مالکیت رسانه سهیم هستند؛ اما رسانه های آزاد از ایجاد کننده گان و تمویل کننده گان خود مستقلانه عمل مینمایند. زمانی که صفحات اساسنامه ی رادیو سولی پیغام را مرور میکردم، نظرم به ماده ی اول بند نخست آن خورد، که در آن آمده است: " رادیو سولی پیغام به مقصد فراهم آوری معلومات و سرگرمی برای مردم در ساحه ی تعیین شده سرمایه گذاری کرده است، مالکیت و پالیسی های ویرایشگری این دستگاه رادیویی، مستقل از دولت خواهد بود و هیچ یک از قبیله ها، ملیت ها، احزاب سیاسی، گروه های مذهبی و یا نهادهای جغرافیایی، این دستگاه را نظارت و بررسی نخواهند نمود."
دولت افغانستان، رادیو سولی پیغام را با ماده ی فوق ثبت و جواز فعالیت داده است. دولت، اصل استقلال مالکیت رادیو را پذیرفته است. اگر وزیر و یا شخص دیگر دولتی این اصل را تهدید میکند، خلاف قانون عمل کرده است. انگار گفت: "یو خو دقانون مسئله ده، یو رادیو کول شی چی تول ورز(ورح)، قران عظیم شان نشر کری، بله رادیو تول ورز موسیقی نشری، خو دقانون خلاف عمل نکوی. موز د قانون خلاف کار نکوو، هاخوا، چی هر شی، نشروو زموز کار دی". انگار ادامه داد " موز خوست کی مطرح یو، هلته دولتی رادیو ده، بله رادیو ده، تلویزیون ده، د خوست دولتی رادیو ته امریکاییان دیر امکانات ورکری دی، خو موز اوریدونکی لرو. نری وال تولنه او افغانی نهادونه موز پیژنی، امریکی سفیر چی رازی، زموز رادیو گوری"
رئیس موسسه ی انترنیوزخانم "جن مک آرتر" گفت: " انترنیوز در موقفی نیست تا مسؤول رادیو را برطرف نماید. ما به این عقیده هم هستیم که دلیل قانع کننده جهت برطرفی وی موجود نیست. به اساس برداشتی که ما از قانون رسانه ها داریم، دلیل موجه یی را نمیبینم که مداخله دولت را هم در مدیریت رادیو، قانونی جلوه دهد".با توجه به این مسئله قانون رسانه ها، شامل فهرستی از تخلفات رسانه یی میباشد. کریم خرم یکی از آن موارد را در نامه اش ذکر ننموده است و هر یک از تخلفات، پس از غور کمیسیون رسیده گی به تخلفات رسانه یی، مجازات معینی دارد که به هر حال، سلب ملکیت رادیو، شامل هیچ یکی از مجازات نمیباشد. به ادعای وزیر اطلاعات وفرهنگ، معترضین، کارکنان رادیو سولی پیغام میباشند؛ اما انگار، مسوؤل رادیو میگوید که این ادعا بی اساس است: "موز په رادیو کی لس تنه کارکونکی لرو، هغی نه سربیره موز شپالس تنه رضاکاران هم لرو، دغه کسان (چی عرضی کری دی) موز سره په رضاکارانه دول همکار وو، دوی زموز کارکونکی ندی، دوی سره زه کم قرارداد نه لرم یا کم بل سند نشته"
قضاوت در خلاء معلومات، پیرامون رادیو سولی پیغام و شیوه های علمی دریافت اطلاعات در باره ی رسانه ها:
کریم خرم منحیث وزیر اطلاعات و فرهنگ در رأس معتبر ترین اداره ی فرهنگی و اطلاعاتی کشور قرار دارد. پیمایش های اطلاعاتی، با در نظر داشت تنوع روش شناسی، یکی از شیوه های علمی میباشد که میتوان در مورد رسانه ها، خبرنگاران و مخاطبان اطلاعات، جمع آوری نمود. وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ نه تنها که تا امروز کدام پژوهش و یا پیمایش علمی، پیرامون سلیقه ی مخاطبان و یا موقف رسانه ها انجام نداده است وبرعلاوه، از اطلاعاتی که دیگر نهاد های علمی و بین المللی تولید نموده است، نیز استفاده نمی نماید. در بخشی از نامه ی خود، وزیر میگوید: "همچنان محتوای نشرات را اصلاح سازید". متاسفانه این عبارت از لحاظ قانونی کم رنگ میباشد. ابهامات موجوده در این عبارت، حاکی از مقاصد پنهانی میباشد. محتوای نشرات اکنون چگونه است؟ چند ساعت و شامل چی موضوعاتی است؟ چی نواقصی دارد؟ کدام یک از آن نواقص غیر قانونی میباشد؟ چی توقع دارید؟ چه گونه باید اصلاح شود؟ چی باید نشر شود؟ این همه پرسش هایی است که وزیر باید به آن اشاره میکرد. پرسش دیگر این است که سبکدوش نمودن زاهد شاه انگار، با اصلاح محتوای نشرات ، چی ربطی دارد؟ سبکدوش نمودن وی به خاطر نشرات کم کیفیت، غیر قانونی میباشد. قانون رسانه ها در این مورد وضاحت دارد. جن مک آرتر رئیس انترنیوزدر این باره می گوید: "از نشراتی که منجر به نقض قانون مطبوعات شده باشد، و یا اینکه نحوه ی عملکرد و یا نشراتی که منجر به تخطی و نقض دیگر قوانین افغانستان شده باشد، هیچ شواهدی در دست نداشته و اطلاعی نداریم".
موسسات "التای، ائینه و انترنیوز" پیمایش هایی را در مورد رادیو سولی پیغام عملی نموده اند که نتایج آن، تشویق کننده میباشد. به گفته ی انگار"در پیمایشی که موسسه ی التای در سال 2004 در خوست نموده بود، دریافت شد که 98% از اهالی خوست، به رادیو سولی پیغام گوش میدهند” در این گزارش آمده است: "هر دو قشر جامعه - اعم از مرد و زن - گزارش دادند که در فهم برنامه هایی رادیو سولی پیغام، کدام مشکلی ندارند".
اساسنامه ی رادیو سولی پیغام، داشتن هیئت مدیره را یک رکن اساسی میشمارد. در اساسنامه آمده است: "هیئت مدیره، برای مدت یکسال کارخواهند نمود، بعدآ اعضا، شاید انتخاب و یا دوباره برای مدت چهارسال مقرر گردند." تنها هیئت مدیره میتواند، مسؤول رادیو را منفک و یا شخص دیگری را جاگزین نماید. اگر هیئت مدیره ی کنونی، نظر به علایقی که به شخص مسؤول رادیو دارند، نمیخواهند و یا نمیتوانند او را سبکدوش نمایند، در آن صورت، مردم محل، با همکاری کارمندان و مسؤول رادیو، هیئت مدیره فعلی را برکنار نموده و هیئت جدید را انتخاب مینمایند. دولت نمیتواند هیئت را مجبور به اخذ تصامیم نماید و یا هیئت را برکنار نماید. دولت میتواند در صورت لزوم دید، یک نفر در هیئت مدیره مقررنماید؛ ولی این شخص، حیثیت مشاور را خواهد داشت و امتیاز رأی دهی را دارا نخواهد بود.
رادیو سولی پیغام، هزارها نامه، هر ماه دریافت مینماید. این نامه ها بازتابی از میزان صمیمت نسبت به رادیو و عادی بودن زنده گی شنونده گان میباشد. در این نامه ها، اشتیاق شدید نسبت به خانواده، دین و وطن ابراز گردیده است. صدق و صفا در قالب واژه ها، نقاشی ها و خطاطی ها و نامه های که به رادیو رسیده، ابراز گردیده است. این نامه ها، تنها یک مجموعه یی نوشتاری نیست؛ بلکه منعکس کننده ی یک فرهنگ ارتباطات است. همه ای این نامه ها، به رادیوسولی پیغام فرستاده شده است. پس کسانی هستند که به رادیو باور دارند و اگر تنها نامه را معیار قرار داده و در باره ی رادیو قضاوت نماییم، نامه های بیشتری به طرفداری از رادیو موجود است، به مقایسه ی تعداد محدودی از انتقاداتی که شخص وزیر، برخلاف رادیو دارد.
میزان دانش وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ از شیوه های حل اختلافات محلی در کشور:
چندی پیش اعتراضنامه ی مشابهی از ولایت خوست به بنیاد فرهنگ و جامعه مدنی مواصلت نمود. نامه از جانب نهاد های مدنی که اکنون از رادیو سولی پیغام شاکی اند، فرستاده شده است. در این نامه، از چگونه گی انتخاب اعضای هیئت مدیره شکایت صورت گرفته است. این هیئت، بنیاد فرهنگ و جامعه مدنی را در خوست رهبری میکنند. نامه ی مذکور را ضمیمه نموده ام. وجوه اشتراک میان عدم رضایت از رادیو و بنیاد فرهنگ و جامعه مدنی وجود دارد و آن مشکل مسئله ی معاشات و امتیازات پولی میباشد.
زاهد شاه انگار با اشاره به مشکل خودش با برخی از نهاد های مدنی گفت: "دافغانستان خلک خو در ته معلومه به یی، هغه کار چی دوی خپله نشی کولای، نورو ته هم دیده نه لری. که حوک یو شه کار وکی، آوازه گدیگی چی تول نری یی وخواره". از داکتر "محمد سعید نیازی" در مورد شکایت جامعه مدنی خوست، در مورد انتخابات هیئت مدیره ی بنیاد فرهنگ و جامعه ی مدنی پرسیدم، وی در پاسخ بیان نمود:"کسانی که انتخاب شده اند، میگویند چرا معاش نداریم، کسانی که انتخاب نشده اند، میگویند که هیأت مدیره دنیا را خورد. ما در افغانستان گرسنه را سیر کرده نمیتوانیم و چشم و دیده نداریم که سیر را ببینیم". نیازی افزود که هیئت مدیره برای مدت دو سال انتخاب شده بود و به زودی مدت کار شان پایان می یابد. با اشاره به کسانی که از انتخابات ناراضی بودند، نیازی گفت: " همان هیأت مدیره، برای دوسال انتخاب شده بود. اگر کسی دیگر آرزو دارد، پیش بیاید. خدا ایشان را قوت بدهد که یک هیات جدید انتخاب کنند."
باید یاد اوری نمود که رئیس هئیت مدیره در وضعیت کنونی، خانم "ساحره شریف" است، که با توجه به این مسؤولیت، بعدهاعضو شورای ملی نیز انتخاب گردید و این خلاف ادعای آنانی میباشد که برعدم توانایی او برای جذب رای تاکید مینمایند.
نتیجه گیری :
وزیر اطلاعات و فرهنگ در نامه ی خود از سبکدوشی زاهد شاه انگار مسؤول رادیو صلح، حرف میزند. دو امکان وجود دارد: نخست اینکه، وزیر اطلاعات و فرهنگ در مورد رادیویی صحبت میکند که "صلح" نام دارد و از جانب نیروی های ائتلاف بین المللی نشر و پخش میگردد و یا اینکه نمیداند که اسم رادیویی که انگار مسؤول آن است صلح نبوده؛ بلکه رادیو "سولی پیغام" است.
در نامه ی شماره 108 مورخ 3/2/1386 وزرات اطلاعات و فرهنگ به مقام ولایت کابل نگاشته شده است: " ... تغییرات و تبادلات اداری از صلاحیت های صاحب امتیاز میباشد. مگر اینکه یقینأ و استنادأ اسناد را(شکایت کننده گان) داشته باشند که فعالیت نشراتی شان (رادیو) برخلاف قانون رسانه های همگانی باشد، در چنین مورد، کمیسیون بررسی شکایات و رسیده گی به تخلفات رسانه ئی در همواری راه شان ممد واقع شده میتواند". این نامه برای آگاهی بیشتر شما – ضمیمتأ - نشر شده است.
در اینجا، ما با دو قضیه ی مشابه مواجه هستیم که عبارت است از: شکایت بعضی از نهاد های محلی از رادیو های محلی شان؛ اما برخورد وزارت دوگانه میباشد: یعنی در نامه ی 1088 یکبار حکم مستقیم برطرفی را میدهد و در نامه 108 امر بر اطاعت ازقانون را مینماید.
The minister of information has a contradictory understanding of media
The Minister for Iof information and Cculture, Abdul Karim Khuram, in a letter to Internews demanded, that one of the station managers of one of the stations Internews established, through USAID funding, be removed from his position as soon as possible and that “Zahid shah Angahr, director of Sulai Paygham radio station should be removed from his position the soonest possible, the content and programming of the radio station should also be reformed. , and a sensible person should be appointed – instead. The ministry requested to be shall be assured of the changes with in a week.
The Minsters letter was prompted by a handful of letters from members of the community not happy with the station manager. However SW investigations into this issue found many more supporters of the station than dissenters and it appears these letters of complaint may have been made in the context of a highly competitive media market in Khost.
Here, I will try to analyze the issues that arise from the minister’s letter and offer you potential explanations of clauses and implication of concepts. The issues I’ll focus are as following:
Prejudgment in information vacuum about a radio station in one of the Provinces Sulai Paygham and scientific approaches to data gathering on media
Minister’s understanding of how international organizations, supporting free media, works.
Ownership, management structure and monitoring of free media
Knowledge of MoIC on methods of local conflict and conflict resolution
Conclusion
Prejudgment in information vacuum about radio Sulai Paygham and scientific approaches to data gathering on media:
Karim Khuram as minister of information and culture is the head of the highest cultural and media organization in the country. Media survey, with diversity in methodology, is a scientific approach for gathering information on media, journalists and audience. Ministry of information and culture hasn’t only produced any research on audience habits and preferences, but it also hasn’t used the data produced by scientific and international bodies. In part of his letter the minister says “also revise the content of the radio station” unfortunately, this clause is legally very weedy. Ambiguity in this suggests shows some hidden agendas.
How is the radio content now? How many hours and what kind of programs? What are the shortcomings? Which one of the shortcomings is illegal? What do you expect? How do you want to revise? What do you want to hear? These are all, the question the minister should have offered some sort of answer to. The other question is what the station managers Zahid Shah Angahr’s removal has got to do with content improvement; sacking a station manager for poor content is not within the media law of Afghanistan. illegal. Jan McArthur internews country director stated “We are not aware and don’t have any evidence that the station is broadcasting any material that contravenes the media law of Afghanistan or that it is operating in a way that breaches any law of Afghanistan”
Altai, Aina and internews have done some surveys about radio station concerned and found that Sulai Paygham with encouraging outcomes. According Angahr “Altai’s survey in 2004 found out that 98% of the community in this town people surveyed listens to this radio station. The sulai paygham” the reportaudience research shows that continues “both men and women reported that they didn’t have any difficulty understanding this radio stations content.” sulai paygham”
The station also has a board of directors broadly representative of the community, and the station operates according to relevant bylaws Radio Sulai Payman considers board of directors as one of the musts, the bylaw saysin which the “board of directors will work for one year, they can be reappointed for a period of up to four years” only the board of directors can replace the radio manager and appoint a new manager. If the working board of directors for personal or political reasons chose not to doesn’t want to replace the a malfunction manager, but the community is unhappy with the manager, then the community in association with radio staff and manager can appoint a new board of directors. The government can’t compel the board to certain decisions or remove board members. However, the government could, if needed, introduce a representative member to the board, but this person would only remain as an advisor and won’t have voting right.
SW has investigated the operations of the particular station in question and found great community support for the station, eveident on one level through the Radio Sulai Paygham receives thousand of letters of support and requests the station receives every month. T; the letters reflect are the projection of reality, from the a dedicated audience who are enjoying normal life. The sSincerity of the audience is represented in words, drawing and calligraphy. Then we can say that there are some people who trust the radio. If only letters are regarded for judging the radio station, as the minister did, there are more letters in favor of the radio station than the limited number complaining about it.
Legitmacy of hMinister’s understanding of how international organizations, supporting free media, works:
The request from the Ministry subject of the letter implies that internews has full control over the radio station concerned radio Sulai Paygham aand that MoIC can give orders to an international media support organization. This shows a lack of understanding on the minister’s behalf of knowledge on how media players are connected and related. The Minister giving a deadline to Internews to remove the station manager When the minister says “The ministry shall be assured in a week of the changes” means theimplies the minister and/or the ministry can direct Internews work; Internews is funded by USAID to deliver an independent media development program approved by the government of Afghanistan. Internews has been given the task of enabling the development of a this is when Internews is funded by international donor community, which is aiming to establish a free and independent media sector, to compliment a government media sector. This program has been approved by the government of Afghanistan. The afghan run and owned media outlets Internews is supporting need to run with thewith local power and capacity to function without state intervention. Individual Ministries cannot direct INGO’s in there already approved development activities in-country. International community doesn’t want A. K. Khuram or any other government official to scrutinize aid to free media.
A spokesperson for the US embassy in Kabul, referring to the way MoIC handled this radio situation radio Sulai Paygham said “there are institutional frameworks in place, through the courts and through the laws that are in place, that those two parties should pursue the case; it shouldn’t be pursued through intimidation or through pressure on independent media and whenever a case should be made it should be made through the institution and it should be dealt with institutionally rather that politically or personally by the individuals involved … The US government supports institutions”
Ownership, management structure and monitoring of free media:
This incident raises the question of whether the The minister hasn’t understands realized what independentfree media is. The minister assumes the station manager is talks about Angahr as an Internews appointee “Internews has supported 32 free and independent local radio stations across the country with the purpose of being independent afghan owned and run local media. The appointment of station managers is made by Afghan boards of management, not Internews, when Internews becomes aware of corruption, or significant missmanagment or any contravention of the agreement we have with stations, Internews will consult with the stations board of management, staff and key community to leaders to identify and rectify problems.” , and Suli Paygham is one of these radio stations established in Khost province “ said Jan McArthur, Internews country director.
Businesses and organizations are part of structure and ownership of media all over the world; but free media function editorially independent of their funders and founders. Wwhen I was skimming through the pages of this radio stations radio Sulai Paygham bylaws, I noticed that in the first page, the first article first, it saysstates that the radio station “is “radio Sulai Paygham is invested in Khost for providing information and entertainment for Khost people, ownership and editorial policies of this radio station Sulai Paygham wouldare be independent of the government. None of the tribes, ethnic groups, political factions, religious and geographical groups willould have editorial control over content. over its editorial”
The Government of Afghanistan government registered this radio station based on it’s existing structure and bylaws and this legimates the bylaws created by the station. By approving the stations structure and bylaws and issuing a radio Sulai Paygham with this article and issued certificate forof broadcasting for the station, meaning the government has recognized the independence of the radio station. It could be argued that wWhen the Ministry of Iminister of information and Cculture or any other government official tries to intervene in station operations or change station content, without legally backed reasons, then this contravenes the laws that do exist in Afghanistan.is threatening the independence of the radio,
The station manager states that it comes contrary to the law. Angahr said “the role of law: one radio can play Quran throughout the day, another radio can play music all day long; as long as they aren’t violating the law. Our radio station Radio Sulai Paygham hhas done nothing contrary to the law, given that whatever we do and whatever we broadcast is up to us” the station manager continued Angahr continued “we are a player in Khost, and lthough there is a state radio, another radio, a TV station. Khost state radio is financially supported by Americans; but we have the audience. International and Afghan organizations deal with us, US ambassador came and did a live interview on our station”
Internews country director, Miss Jan McArthur said “Internews is not in a position to remove the station manager from the station and does not believe there is good reason to remove the station manager from the station. Based on our understanding of the media law we can find no legal reason that might legitimize the government intervening in the management of this station”
The Afghan Media law has a list of media violations. Karim Khuram mentions none of theose in his letter, each of the violations, after the revision by media complaint commission has certain fine. In any case, confiscating or taking the ownership of the radio station is not a fine. According to the minister letter, the protestors are employees of the radio station Sulai Paygham, but the station manager, Angahr, radio manager said there is no grounds for that claim “we have ten full time staff; in addition we have sixteen volunteers or part timers. The protestors might have been part time volunteers at some point. They are not radio employees. Can the minister show any proof, a contract of something?”
Knowledge of MoIC on methods of local conflict and conflict resolution:
Sometime ago a similar protest letter was sent to Foundation for Culture and Civil Society (FCCS). The letter was sent by almost the same civil society groups protesting against the same radio station. Radio Sulai Paygham now. In the letter the process of election for FCCS board in Khost was condemned. I am attaching that same letter. A number of staff at the radio station have raised their concern that the believe the motivation for complaint in the letter to the Minister from some community members is based on There is one share criteria for objection against both radio sulai paygham and FCCS, that is money and financial benefits.
The station manager Angahr referring to his problem with some civil society groups said “you know some peopleAfghans, when they can’t do anything, they don’t want other to do it either. If somebody does something which counts then they say, he got all the money for it”.
I asked Mohammad Saeed Niazi from FCCS about the board election in Khost, he said “those elected says why there is no salary. Those not selected says, the board has all the money. In Afghanistan we can’t feed the starving, but we also can’t tolerate the non-starvings” Niazi added that the board is selected for two years and it’s soon going to be over, with reference to those protesting against the election Niazi said “the two year old board is over, if any one else want to be on the board or want to appoint a new board please come forward, Allah may give you strength”
It’s worth mentioning the current head of the board is Mrs. Saira Shariff, who was later selected to the parliament. This is contrary to the protesters claim who said she can’t win votes.
Conclusion:
In the letter, the minister talks about the removing tof he station manager from a radio station in Khost. Mr. Zahid Shah Angahr as the manager of radio Sulla (peace).However the name he gives to the station could refer to 2 stations, one is Afghan run and owned and one is run by the collation forces. Consequnetly it is not entirely clear by the content of the letter which station he is referring to, we have presumed for the purpose of this article that it is the Afghan owned and run station. There are two possibilities. First, the minister talks about a different radio, called Sulla (peace); which is run by coalition forces. Or the minister doesn’t know the radio station managed by Zahid Shah Angahr is not Sulla (Peace) but radio Sulai Paygham.
In the letter 108 dated 02, 03, 1386 the ministry of information and culture writes to Kabul governor “... administrative changes are the responsibility of the license holder. Unless, the protestors have strong evidence that the radio station is not compliantaisant with media law. In which case, the complaints handling commission would be the authority to help” for your further readings I am copying the letter attached. We are facing two similar cases, i.e. protest of some civil society groups against local radio but the ministry has dual way of dealing with it. Meaning letter1088 orders the removal of the manager and letter 108 talks about compliance with the law, arguing why the ministry cannot interfere with managements of the station..
Letter 108 signed by the minister is coming from the Directorate of Document Registry and Relations while private radio and TV, related issues should be corresponded through general directorate of broadcast, department of media registration. It could be argued that the Minister has issued a letter n other words the minister has smuggled out a letter from the ministry which carriesto impose personal and political agendas, rather than following the objective guidance of the law..inclination.
The Minsters letter was prompted by a handful of letters from members of the community not happy with the station manager. However SW investigations into this issue found many more supporters of the station than dissenters and it appears these letters of complaint may have been made in the context of a highly competitive media market in Khost.
Here, I will try to analyze the issues that arise from the minister’s letter and offer you potential explanations of clauses and implication of concepts. The issues I’ll focus are as following:
Prejudgment in information vacuum about a radio station in one of the Provinces Sulai Paygham and scientific approaches to data gathering on media
Minister’s understanding of how international organizations, supporting free media, works.
Ownership, management structure and monitoring of free media
Knowledge of MoIC on methods of local conflict and conflict resolution
Conclusion
Prejudgment in information vacuum about radio Sulai Paygham and scientific approaches to data gathering on media:
Karim Khuram as minister of information and culture is the head of the highest cultural and media organization in the country. Media survey, with diversity in methodology, is a scientific approach for gathering information on media, journalists and audience. Ministry of information and culture hasn’t only produced any research on audience habits and preferences, but it also hasn’t used the data produced by scientific and international bodies. In part of his letter the minister says “also revise the content of the radio station” unfortunately, this clause is legally very weedy. Ambiguity in this suggests shows some hidden agendas.
How is the radio content now? How many hours and what kind of programs? What are the shortcomings? Which one of the shortcomings is illegal? What do you expect? How do you want to revise? What do you want to hear? These are all, the question the minister should have offered some sort of answer to. The other question is what the station managers Zahid Shah Angahr’s removal has got to do with content improvement; sacking a station manager for poor content is not within the media law of Afghanistan. illegal. Jan McArthur internews country director stated “We are not aware and don’t have any evidence that the station is broadcasting any material that contravenes the media law of Afghanistan or that it is operating in a way that breaches any law of Afghanistan”
Altai, Aina and internews have done some surveys about radio station concerned and found that Sulai Paygham with encouraging outcomes. According Angahr “Altai’s survey in 2004 found out that 98% of the community in this town people surveyed listens to this radio station. The sulai paygham” the reportaudience research shows that continues “both men and women reported that they didn’t have any difficulty understanding this radio stations content.” sulai paygham”
The station also has a board of directors broadly representative of the community, and the station operates according to relevant bylaws Radio Sulai Payman considers board of directors as one of the musts, the bylaw saysin which the “board of directors will work for one year, they can be reappointed for a period of up to four years” only the board of directors can replace the radio manager and appoint a new manager. If the working board of directors for personal or political reasons chose not to doesn’t want to replace the a malfunction manager, but the community is unhappy with the manager, then the community in association with radio staff and manager can appoint a new board of directors. The government can’t compel the board to certain decisions or remove board members. However, the government could, if needed, introduce a representative member to the board, but this person would only remain as an advisor and won’t have voting right.
SW has investigated the operations of the particular station in question and found great community support for the station, eveident on one level through the Radio Sulai Paygham receives thousand of letters of support and requests the station receives every month. T; the letters reflect are the projection of reality, from the a dedicated audience who are enjoying normal life. The sSincerity of the audience is represented in words, drawing and calligraphy. Then we can say that there are some people who trust the radio. If only letters are regarded for judging the radio station, as the minister did, there are more letters in favor of the radio station than the limited number complaining about it.
Legitmacy of hMinister’s understanding of how international organizations, supporting free media, works:
The request from the Ministry subject of the letter implies that internews has full control over the radio station concerned radio Sulai Paygham aand that MoIC can give orders to an international media support organization. This shows a lack of understanding on the minister’s behalf of knowledge on how media players are connected and related. The Minister giving a deadline to Internews to remove the station manager When the minister says “The ministry shall be assured in a week of the changes” means theimplies the minister and/or the ministry can direct Internews work; Internews is funded by USAID to deliver an independent media development program approved by the government of Afghanistan. Internews has been given the task of enabling the development of a this is when Internews is funded by international donor community, which is aiming to establish a free and independent media sector, to compliment a government media sector. This program has been approved by the government of Afghanistan. The afghan run and owned media outlets Internews is supporting need to run with thewith local power and capacity to function without state intervention. Individual Ministries cannot direct INGO’s in there already approved development activities in-country. International community doesn’t want A. K. Khuram or any other government official to scrutinize aid to free media.
A spokesperson for the US embassy in Kabul, referring to the way MoIC handled this radio situation radio Sulai Paygham said “there are institutional frameworks in place, through the courts and through the laws that are in place, that those two parties should pursue the case; it shouldn’t be pursued through intimidation or through pressure on independent media and whenever a case should be made it should be made through the institution and it should be dealt with institutionally rather that politically or personally by the individuals involved … The US government supports institutions”
Ownership, management structure and monitoring of free media:
This incident raises the question of whether the The minister hasn’t understands realized what independentfree media is. The minister assumes the station manager is talks about Angahr as an Internews appointee “Internews has supported 32 free and independent local radio stations across the country with the purpose of being independent afghan owned and run local media. The appointment of station managers is made by Afghan boards of management, not Internews, when Internews becomes aware of corruption, or significant missmanagment or any contravention of the agreement we have with stations, Internews will consult with the stations board of management, staff and key community to leaders to identify and rectify problems.” , and Suli Paygham is one of these radio stations established in Khost province “ said Jan McArthur, Internews country director.
Businesses and organizations are part of structure and ownership of media all over the world; but free media function editorially independent of their funders and founders. Wwhen I was skimming through the pages of this radio stations radio Sulai Paygham bylaws, I noticed that in the first page, the first article first, it saysstates that the radio station “is “radio Sulai Paygham is invested in Khost for providing information and entertainment for Khost people, ownership and editorial policies of this radio station Sulai Paygham wouldare be independent of the government. None of the tribes, ethnic groups, political factions, religious and geographical groups willould have editorial control over content. over its editorial”
The Government of Afghanistan government registered this radio station based on it’s existing structure and bylaws and this legimates the bylaws created by the station. By approving the stations structure and bylaws and issuing a radio Sulai Paygham with this article and issued certificate forof broadcasting for the station, meaning the government has recognized the independence of the radio station. It could be argued that wWhen the Ministry of Iminister of information and Cculture or any other government official tries to intervene in station operations or change station content, without legally backed reasons, then this contravenes the laws that do exist in Afghanistan.is threatening the independence of the radio,
The station manager states that it comes contrary to the law. Angahr said “the role of law: one radio can play Quran throughout the day, another radio can play music all day long; as long as they aren’t violating the law. Our radio station Radio Sulai Paygham hhas done nothing contrary to the law, given that whatever we do and whatever we broadcast is up to us” the station manager continued Angahr continued “we are a player in Khost, and lthough there is a state radio, another radio, a TV station. Khost state radio is financially supported by Americans; but we have the audience. International and Afghan organizations deal with us, US ambassador came and did a live interview on our station”
Internews country director, Miss Jan McArthur said “Internews is not in a position to remove the station manager from the station and does not believe there is good reason to remove the station manager from the station. Based on our understanding of the media law we can find no legal reason that might legitimize the government intervening in the management of this station”
The Afghan Media law has a list of media violations. Karim Khuram mentions none of theose in his letter, each of the violations, after the revision by media complaint commission has certain fine. In any case, confiscating or taking the ownership of the radio station is not a fine. According to the minister letter, the protestors are employees of the radio station Sulai Paygham, but the station manager, Angahr, radio manager said there is no grounds for that claim “we have ten full time staff; in addition we have sixteen volunteers or part timers. The protestors might have been part time volunteers at some point. They are not radio employees. Can the minister show any proof, a contract of something?”
Knowledge of MoIC on methods of local conflict and conflict resolution:
Sometime ago a similar protest letter was sent to Foundation for Culture and Civil Society (FCCS). The letter was sent by almost the same civil society groups protesting against the same radio station. Radio Sulai Paygham now. In the letter the process of election for FCCS board in Khost was condemned. I am attaching that same letter. A number of staff at the radio station have raised their concern that the believe the motivation for complaint in the letter to the Minister from some community members is based on There is one share criteria for objection against both radio sulai paygham and FCCS, that is money and financial benefits.
The station manager Angahr referring to his problem with some civil society groups said “you know some peopleAfghans, when they can’t do anything, they don’t want other to do it either. If somebody does something which counts then they say, he got all the money for it”.
I asked Mohammad Saeed Niazi from FCCS about the board election in Khost, he said “those elected says why there is no salary. Those not selected says, the board has all the money. In Afghanistan we can’t feed the starving, but we also can’t tolerate the non-starvings” Niazi added that the board is selected for two years and it’s soon going to be over, with reference to those protesting against the election Niazi said “the two year old board is over, if any one else want to be on the board or want to appoint a new board please come forward, Allah may give you strength”
It’s worth mentioning the current head of the board is Mrs. Saira Shariff, who was later selected to the parliament. This is contrary to the protesters claim who said she can’t win votes.
Conclusion:
In the letter, the minister talks about the removing tof he station manager from a radio station in Khost. Mr. Zahid Shah Angahr as the manager of radio Sulla (peace).However the name he gives to the station could refer to 2 stations, one is Afghan run and owned and one is run by the collation forces. Consequnetly it is not entirely clear by the content of the letter which station he is referring to, we have presumed for the purpose of this article that it is the Afghan owned and run station. There are two possibilities. First, the minister talks about a different radio, called Sulla (peace); which is run by coalition forces. Or the minister doesn’t know the radio station managed by Zahid Shah Angahr is not Sulla (Peace) but radio Sulai Paygham.
In the letter 108 dated 02, 03, 1386 the ministry of information and culture writes to Kabul governor “... administrative changes are the responsibility of the license holder. Unless, the protestors have strong evidence that the radio station is not compliantaisant with media law. In which case, the complaints handling commission would be the authority to help” for your further readings I am copying the letter attached. We are facing two similar cases, i.e. protest of some civil society groups against local radio but the ministry has dual way of dealing with it. Meaning letter1088 orders the removal of the manager and letter 108 talks about compliance with the law, arguing why the ministry cannot interfere with managements of the station..
Letter 108 signed by the minister is coming from the Directorate of Document Registry and Relations while private radio and TV, related issues should be corresponded through general directorate of broadcast, department of media registration. It could be argued that the Minister has issued a letter n other words the minister has smuggled out a letter from the ministry which carriesto impose personal and political agendas, rather than following the objective guidance of the law..inclination.
مسوؤل نقص منافع ملی و قتل اجمل نقشبندی کی هست؟
رحمت الله حنفی، مسوؤل شفاخانه ایمرجنسی در هلمند، سری نخی پنداشته میشود که در بند دولت افغانستان قرار دارد. سعید انصاری سخنگوی ریاست امنیت ملی، حنفی را متهم به همکاری با طالبان، در ربودن اجمل نقشبندی، دانیل ماستروجیکومو و سیدآقا نمود. جینو سترادا، رئیس شفاخانه ایمرجنسی در ایتالیا، خواهان رهای حفنی گردیده و اتهامات وارده بروی را بی اساس میخواند. استرادا، میگوید، او به حنفی اطمینان کامل دارد و در بیگناهی وی شکی ندارد.
شکی نیست که قتل اجمل جزء مسله میباشد، که مسوؤل مستقیم آن طالبان میباشد. جنایت بزرگتر تختی منافع ملی افغانستان میباشد. دولت ایتالیا و شفاخانه ایمرجنسی شکی نیست، که مسوؤل هستند، ولی اقدامی صورت نگرفته، مانند توقیف رحمت الله حنفی، تا مسوؤلیت آنها تعیین گردد. گابریل لیسترو، یک عکاس ایتالیایی در ماه اکتوبر سال گذشته اسیر طالبان گردید. و دولت ایتالیا از طریق شفاخانه ایمرجنسی مبلغ اظافه تر از دو میلیون دالر به طالبان پرداخت. خبرنگاران رسانه های مختلف اهم از داخلی و خارجی در جنوب کشور و مناطق تحت سلطه طالبان گزارش دهی میکنند. اینکه چرا تنها خبرنگاران ایتالیایی اسیر میشوند و دوباره بعد از پرداخت خون بها آزاد میشوند، دلالت بر توطئه گری و معامله جویی میکند.
شفاخانه ایمرجنسی یک ارگان خیریه میباشد که خدمات صحی فراهم میاورد. ولی این شفاخانه، با شرکت مقامات بلند رتبه آن، اقلأ دو بار با دهشت افگنان معامله و مذاکره، و یا اقلأ تسهیل معامله، نموده اند. در هر دوی این معاملات ایمرجنسی به دهشت افگنان پول آورده اند و یا هم در رهایی مقامات آنان همکاری کرده اند.
بعد از رهایی دانیل سخنگوی رئیس جمهور کرزی، اقا رحیمی گفت، که معامله رهایی وی صرف روی عواطف انسانی صورت گرفته است. و احساسات رئیس جمهور بود که وی جهت رهایی دانیل با طالبان معامله نمود.
ولی طالبان بار ها خواهان همچو معامله ی در رهای اجمل گردیدن که تاثیری بر احساسات انسانی رئیس جمهور نداشت. این خود دلیل بر احساسات نی، بلکه برخورد سیاسی میکند. "بعد از مرگ اجمل مقامات دولتی گفتند، توافق برای رهایی اجمل نزدیک بود، اما اجمل بدون اتمام حجت اجمل را کشتند" معین مرستیال، وکیل در ولسی جرگه گفت. این در حالیست که کرزی، اسپنتا و دیگر مقامات بار ها گفته بودند که برای رهای اجمل مذاکر نخواهد شد. دولت گفته های ضد و نقیص زیادی داشته است و حالا مشکل است که بالا دولت اعتبار کرد. از گفته ها گذشته عمل باید اجرا شود.
رحمت الله حنفی که متهم به همکاری با طالبان هست، با دانیل ماستروجیکومو قبل از ورود وی به هلمند در تماس بود. و وی را به رفتن به هلمند تشویق کرد. حنفی به وی اطمینان داد که طالبان به شفاخانه وی رفت و آمد دارند و مشکلی برای وی ایجاد نخواهند کرد. با استفاده از روابط حنفی، دانیل میتواند گزارش تهیه کند. یک طرف قضیه که احتمالا ریاست امنیت هم بخاطر بقید نگهداشتن حنفی، به این باور است، اینکه حنفی به طالبان اطلاع میدهد که یک شهروند دیگری کشور که به شما اضافه تر از دو میلیون دالر داده بود میاید و طالبان برنامه ریزی کرده و خواست های خود را این بار تنها مختص به پول نی بلکه به رهایی مقامات خود از بند دولت، نیز میکند. طالبان در اینجا اماده گی کامل داشتند. بعد از دستگیری آنها برای جدی نشان دادن تهدید خود راننده را سر میزنند و آنرا فلم برداری نیز میکنند. و بعد تیلفون و شماره ها را دارند و از دانیل میخواهند که به آنها زنگ زده و خواهان رهای خود میگردد. رحمت الله میتواند که دو انگیزه برای همکاری با طالبان داشته باشد، اول اینکه او خود یک طالب میباشد و طالبان همکار ایدولژیک آنها میباشد. یا اینکه رحمت الله اینکار را در مقابل پول انجام میدهد. دلیل دوم نمیتواند استناد قوی داشته باشد، چرا که اگر انگیزه رحمت الله پول میبود وی زمانی که اضافه از دو میلیون دالر را سال گذشته در دست داشت میتوانست آنرا به طالبان نرسانده و نگهدارد.
استدلال دوم اینست که رحمت الله بیگناه است، و مقامات دولتی حنفی را ناحق به دام دارند. زمانی که اجمل و دانیل به هلمند میرسند از شفاخانه ایمرجنسی فعالیت میکنند. طالبان میدانند که دانیل شهروند کشوری است که قبلأ به آنها خون بها داده است، و نقشه ای را جهت گروگان گیری دانیل و اجمل طرح ریزی میکنند. در اینجا جرم حنفی مذاکر با دهشت افگنان میتواند باشد. اما جینو سترادا، مسوؤل عمومی شفاخانه ایمرجنسی مسوؤل تر است.
در هر دو شرایظ فوق دولت ایتالیا از همه مسوؤل تر است. دولت ایتالیا در تمام معاملاتی که با طالبان نموده است یا خواست های خود را بر دولت افغانستان تحمیل نموده است، و یا اینکه مستقلانه با شورشیان معامله نموده است، که در هر دو صورت فوق استقلال افغانستان را نادیده گرفته اند. هر نوع معامله با دهشت افگنان خلاف منافع ملی است، از همین جهت است که کشور های جهان با دهشت افگنان مذاکر نمیکنند. معامله نمودن دولت ایتالیا با دهشت افگنان افغان مخالف منافع ملی کشور است. لعل گل رئیس سازمان حقوق بشر افغانستان گفت "زما په نظر موژ دتولو ستونزو پله دحکومت په غاله وانچوو، حکه چی حکومت خپل واک نلری"
دولت افغانستان جهت تعیین موقف خویش در مقابل دهشت افگنان و هم تعین چگونگی روابط آن با کشور های خارجی که در افغانستان سرباز دارند و میتوانند اعمال فشار نمایند، باید کمیسیون مستقلی را تعیین نماید، تا موضوع اسارت دانیل و قتل اجمل را بررسی نماید، و هم تهعد صورت گیرد که نتایج و دریافت های کمیسیون و پیشنهادات آنرا عملی خواهد نمود. "دو درس ما یاد گرفته ایم، اول اینکه افغانها دولت ایجنت (دستنشانده) را نمیپزیرند، به همین دلیل کمونیست ها و مجاهدین دوام نکردند. و دوم اینکه ما نباید همچو مسایل را تنها در دست نهاد های امنیتی بگزاریم" معین مرستیال، نماینده در مجلس ملی گفت، "جبران سهو خارجی ها ممکن نیست" لعل گل مسوؤل سازمان حقوق بشر افغانستان گفت.
دولت و نهاد های مدنی افغان و سفرا افغان در کشور ها و نهاد های مختلف کوشش نمایند، تا قتل اجمل نقشبندی و معامله گری با طالبان را تقبیع نماید. خصوصأ از کشور های اسلامی خواسته شود که عمل طالبان را تقبیع نمایند.
Monday, May 07, 2007
مقامات دولتی دستخوش وسواس موتر اند
داشتن چند عراده موتر یکی از الگوهای نمایش قدرت مقامات افغان است. وزیر داخله، با شش عراده، وزیر معارف با هفت عراده، سبغت الله مجددی رئیس مشرانو جرگه با پنج عراده و محمد یونس قانونی رئیس مجلس ملی با ده عراده موتر، سفر مینماید. بشردوست وکیل مردم در مجلس ملی در باره حرکت مقامات میگوید "فکر میکنی که یک کاروان در حرکت باشد، فکر نیمکنی یک نفر باشد، فکر میکنی که 50 یا 60 نفر است که به یک عروسی ویا فاتحه و یا میله میرود اما یک نفر است. حالا یک عادت پیدا شده که پنج یا شش موتر همرنگ و همسان است که نفهمی همان شخص عالی در کدام موتر نشسته است ... این یک نشانه توهین به ملت است" ارزش مجموعی تعداد موتر های که هر یک از مقامات ذکر شده با آن سفر مینمایند به چند صد هزار دالر امریکایی میرسد. رمضان بشردوست میگوید" تفسیر قرآن است که اسراف کننده برادر شیطان است" میلیون ها هموطن ما نه تنها موتر ندارند حتی به حمل و نقل همگانی دسترسی ندارند و حتی به جاده های موتر رو دسترسی ندارند. اصف ننگ سخنگوی وزارت امور پارلمانی میگوید "چرا یک وزیر یک فوق العاده گی در شهر داشته باشد، این یک نماد دموکراتیک جامعه نیست" وی در مورد اختصاص تعداد موتر های مقامات می افزاید "مطابق نورم دولت به آنها دو موتر نهایتأ سه موتر در نظر گرفته شده است، بخاطر استفاده اش" یکی از مقامات که دچار وسواس موتر است، رئیس کمیسیون مستقل مبارزه با فساد اداری و ارتشا است، موصوف به خاطر بدست آوردن موتر دلخواه اش فرمان رئیس دولت، کرزی را که خود شخص بسیار موتر دوست است، شکستاند. اقا کرزی طی فرمان 5211 به عزت الله واصفی امر خرید یک عراده موتر لندکروز، پرادو مودل 2006 به مبلغ 32000 دالر را داده است اما واصفی نظر به علاقهً وافری که به موتر دارد اقدام به خریداری یک عراده لکسیس پطرولی هشت سلندره به مبلغ 42000 نموده است. این وسیله نقلیه مصارف گران نگهداری و تیل دارد و برای یک ارگان دولتی غیر اقتصادی میباشد. مقامات ریاست مبارزه با فساد اداری و ارتشا حاضر نشدند منبع پول اضافی خرید موتر را به ما پاسخ دهند. یک عراده موتر لندکروزر مودل 2002 قبلأ طبق حکم 1708 در اختیار ریاست مبارزه با فساد اداری و ارتشا قرار گرفته بود، اما لودین صاحب رئیس اسبق این اداره موتر را بعد از برطرفی با خود به غنیمت برد و اداره امور طی مکتوبی آن موتر را به عزیزالله لودین بخشش میکند. از آصف ننگ در باره پرسیدم "عزیر الله لودین منعث رئیس کمیسیون انتخابات هم مستحق یک موتر میشود، امکان دارد که اگر باید در کمیسیون انتخابات برای لودین موتر جدید بخرند باز بهتر این است که از موتر کهنه خود استفاده نماید" شخص محوری یکی از دلایل عمده بوده است که دولت افغانستان تا حال موفق به ایجاد یک نظام اداری کارارا نشده است و دقیقأ همچو اقداماتی باعث جلوگیری از آن میشود، با تبدیل شدن رئیس یا وزیر وسایل و کادر اداره تبدیل میشود در بعضی از مواقع حتی پالیسی و اسم اداره هم تغیر میخورد. کمیسیون انتخابات یک نهاد مستقلی است که توسط ملل متحد و دیگر نهاد های خارجی ایجاد و تقویه گردیده است، این اداره صدها عراده موتر تا حال خریداری نموده است و خصوصأ بعد از ختم انتخابات نیازی برای آوردن موتر دیگری دیده نمیشود.
یکی از معمول ترین شیوه توجیع نمودن عراده جات، عنوان نمودن مسایل امنیتی میباشد، باز هم آصف ننگ، سخن گوی وزارت امور پارلمانی "مقامات موتر های تعقیبی فراوان استفاده میکنند، البته بعضی شخصیت های که شما از آن نام گرفتید، مثلآ جناب قانونی صاحب، جناب حضرت صاحب، جناب فضل هادی شینواری و همچو افراد بعضی اش اینطور هستند که چندین بار تحت حمله دشمن قرار گرفته اند و بعد از آن برای اینکه امنیت ایشان محکمتر شود و تحت پوشش امنیتی قرار گیرند، اما به نعوه که دولت و بودیجه ما ایجاب میکند" افزایش در تعداد موتر های هم رنگ و تعقیبی شاید راه حل کوتاه مدت باشد، امـــــا باید در اینجا تحاملی کرد و دید که چرا مردم اینقدر از رهبران و مقامات خود متنفر اند که اگر فرصتی مساید گردد از خون ایشان دریغ نخواهند کرد. یگانه راه تامین امنیت، آوردن امنیت سراسری، به تمام اتباع کشور است و تامین از راه تحقق عدالت اجتماعی است، فعلا در کشور امنیت امتیازی تامین است که تنها مقامات، سروتمندان و خارجیان مستحق آن بوده و تماشا دارند چه گونه ملت به کام مرگ و دهشت فرو میرود. پروین سادات مسوؤل ارتباط عامه مشرانو جرگه میگوید "موتر یک وسیله است که ما را به وظیفه میرساند. ضرورت به پنج – چهار موتری نیست که دنبال ما برود، اگر ما بخواهیم که امنیت را تامین نماییم، ضرورت به چهار – پنج موتر نیست"
جهت تنظیم استفاده از عرادجات تیز رفتار دولتی نیاز به یک فرمان رئیس دولت میباشد تا در آن نوعیت، قیمت و یا ساخت عراده مشخص گردد در رژیم های قبلی مقامات تنها میتوانستد از یک مودل (ساخت) معین موتر استفاده نمایند. در سال های 1980 مقامات تنها میتوانستد موتر های والگا یا لادا خریداری نمایند در زمان شاهی موتر های روسی از عراده جات معمول در میان مقامات بود. در کشورهای دیگر رو به انکشاف و حتی انکشاف یافته نیز مقامات تنها میتوانند از عراده جات ساخت کارخانه های داخلی خریداری کنند.
وزرأ، معاونین، روسا و تعدادی از مدیران، مقاماتی اند که بست آنها در تشیکل، موتر دارد. یکی از هنگفت ترین مصارف دولت افغانستان خریداری موتر ها برای تشکیلات دولتی میباشد.
کشور های امداد کننده با در نظر داشت روند ارتباطی میان نهاد های دولت و داشتن نظام فرسودهً صادره و وارده جهت قایم نمودن ارتباطات، عراده جات زیادی را به نهاد های دولتی خصوصأ بخش امنیتی کمک نموده اند. با در نظر داشت وضعیت نامساعد جاده ها و شاه راه ها کشور های کمک کننده، اکثرأ موتر های، پیک اپ کمکدار را به افغانستان امداد نمودن اما از سوی دیگر ارزش این نوع موتر ها بسیار گران است. گرهار شویدر صدراعظم اسبق آلمان در زمان تسلیم دهی صد ها عراده موتر پیک اپ متسیبوشی به وزارت داخله گفت "یکی از رویا های من داشت یک متسیبوشی بعد از تقاعد است" اما افغانها نیز ندارند تا برای عملی شدن رویا های شان انتظار به تقاعد بکشند، انتظار باید تا زمانی کشید که یک مقام بدست بیاید. موتر های کمک شده جامعه بین المللی در پهلوی استفاده کاری آن جهت گشت و گزار شخصی موظفین نیز استفاده میگردد.
ادارت ولایات با قلت وسایل حمل و نقل هنوز هم مواجه هستند اما روئسای این ادارات مشکلی ندارد.
مادونان، با الهام از مقامات، از موتر های دولتی نه تنها استفاده شخصی نموده بلکه سوءاستفادهً نیز میکنند. آژیر موتر های پولیس و یا هم امبولانس ها صرفأ برای مواقع اضطراری بوده و استفاده از آن در خیابان ها بی نظمی را ایجاد میکند. بعضأ زمانی که موتر جهت حمل خانواده های پولیس استفاده میشود از آژیر آن جهت متفرق نمودن ترافیک استفاده میشود.
فروش تیل موتر های دولتی یکی از راه های درآمد موتر داران میباشد. یکی از تاثیر های منفی این اقدام تشویق راننده جهت محدود ساختن گشت و گذار میباشد، راننده گان کمتر مایل اند تا تمام پهره های وظیفوی خود را اجرا نمایند، ترجیع داده میشود تا در سایه توقف نموده و تیل خود را برای فروش حفظ نمایند. خداداد یکی از تیل فروشان مرادخانی را دیدم که از یک عراده موتر دولتی تیل بیرون می آورد "(موتر های دولتی تیل) میکشند، بسیار زیاد میکشند، دریور ها (راننده گان) تیل را میکشند، همان تیل را که دولت برایش میدهد، در مسیر شان، مثلأ از اینجا تا به پلچرخی، ده لیتر تا آنجا مصرف دارد، او را میدهد پانزده لیتر، معاش نیست، خریبی نیست، همان پنج لیتر را میکشد و میگوید این را بگیر و به من پیسه بده"
برای اثبات موقف و قدرت خود مقامات دولتی خصوصأ در ولایات در پهلوی موتر دولتی خویش از یک یا چند عراده موتر شیشه سیاه شخصی نیز استفاده مینمایند. این موتر های شخصی به شکلی در ساختار اداره مربوطه گنجانیده شده است و اکثرأ مصارف تیل و نگهداری آن از جانب دولت پرداخته میشود. زمانی که مسوؤلین چند موتر از منزل به دفتر و یا برعکس آن میروند این وضعیت مصادف است به زمانی که همه مردم در جاده ها هستند ولی مسوؤلین دارای چند موتره بدون در نظر داشت حضور دیگران یا در جناح مخالف جاده حرکت نموده و یا خیلی ها پرخاشگرانه با جریان ترافیک و عابرین برخورد می نمایند. سمونوال جان آغا امر حوزه یازده ترافیک به ما گفت "اکثرأ این موتر های (مقامات) که بدون دست میایند خظ سیر خود را منعرف میسازند، ترافیک مقابل را مسدود میسازند. خود به خود این به ما یک مشکل است" یکی از وکلا شورای ملی به روز نوروز که جاده همه مسدود بودند حوصله اش را از دست داده و به لت و کوب ترافیک پرداخته بود، سمونوال جان آغا " موظفین ترافیک ما در گردنه باغ بالا که مصروف اجرا وظایف خود بودند، خوب یک کسی که قوانین و مقررات ترافیک را مراحت نکرده و بلاخره به لت و کوب یکی- دو نفر از موظفین پرداخته بود"
یکی از معمول ترین شیوه توجیع نمودن عراده جات، عنوان نمودن مسایل امنیتی میباشد، باز هم آصف ننگ، سخن گوی وزارت امور پارلمانی "مقامات موتر های تعقیبی فراوان استفاده میکنند، البته بعضی شخصیت های که شما از آن نام گرفتید، مثلآ جناب قانونی صاحب، جناب حضرت صاحب، جناب فضل هادی شینواری و همچو افراد بعضی اش اینطور هستند که چندین بار تحت حمله دشمن قرار گرفته اند و بعد از آن برای اینکه امنیت ایشان محکمتر شود و تحت پوشش امنیتی قرار گیرند، اما به نعوه که دولت و بودیجه ما ایجاب میکند" افزایش در تعداد موتر های هم رنگ و تعقیبی شاید راه حل کوتاه مدت باشد، امـــــا باید در اینجا تحاملی کرد و دید که چرا مردم اینقدر از رهبران و مقامات خود متنفر اند که اگر فرصتی مساید گردد از خون ایشان دریغ نخواهند کرد. یگانه راه تامین امنیت، آوردن امنیت سراسری، به تمام اتباع کشور است و تامین از راه تحقق عدالت اجتماعی است، فعلا در کشور امنیت امتیازی تامین است که تنها مقامات، سروتمندان و خارجیان مستحق آن بوده و تماشا دارند چه گونه ملت به کام مرگ و دهشت فرو میرود. پروین سادات مسوؤل ارتباط عامه مشرانو جرگه میگوید "موتر یک وسیله است که ما را به وظیفه میرساند. ضرورت به پنج – چهار موتری نیست که دنبال ما برود، اگر ما بخواهیم که امنیت را تامین نماییم، ضرورت به چهار – پنج موتر نیست"
جهت تنظیم استفاده از عرادجات تیز رفتار دولتی نیاز به یک فرمان رئیس دولت میباشد تا در آن نوعیت، قیمت و یا ساخت عراده مشخص گردد در رژیم های قبلی مقامات تنها میتوانستد از یک مودل (ساخت) معین موتر استفاده نمایند. در سال های 1980 مقامات تنها میتوانستد موتر های والگا یا لادا خریداری نمایند در زمان شاهی موتر های روسی از عراده جات معمول در میان مقامات بود. در کشورهای دیگر رو به انکشاف و حتی انکشاف یافته نیز مقامات تنها میتوانند از عراده جات ساخت کارخانه های داخلی خریداری کنند.
وزرأ، معاونین، روسا و تعدادی از مدیران، مقاماتی اند که بست آنها در تشیکل، موتر دارد. یکی از هنگفت ترین مصارف دولت افغانستان خریداری موتر ها برای تشکیلات دولتی میباشد.
کشور های امداد کننده با در نظر داشت روند ارتباطی میان نهاد های دولت و داشتن نظام فرسودهً صادره و وارده جهت قایم نمودن ارتباطات، عراده جات زیادی را به نهاد های دولتی خصوصأ بخش امنیتی کمک نموده اند. با در نظر داشت وضعیت نامساعد جاده ها و شاه راه ها کشور های کمک کننده، اکثرأ موتر های، پیک اپ کمکدار را به افغانستان امداد نمودن اما از سوی دیگر ارزش این نوع موتر ها بسیار گران است. گرهار شویدر صدراعظم اسبق آلمان در زمان تسلیم دهی صد ها عراده موتر پیک اپ متسیبوشی به وزارت داخله گفت "یکی از رویا های من داشت یک متسیبوشی بعد از تقاعد است" اما افغانها نیز ندارند تا برای عملی شدن رویا های شان انتظار به تقاعد بکشند، انتظار باید تا زمانی کشید که یک مقام بدست بیاید. موتر های کمک شده جامعه بین المللی در پهلوی استفاده کاری آن جهت گشت و گزار شخصی موظفین نیز استفاده میگردد.
ادارت ولایات با قلت وسایل حمل و نقل هنوز هم مواجه هستند اما روئسای این ادارات مشکلی ندارد.
مادونان، با الهام از مقامات، از موتر های دولتی نه تنها استفاده شخصی نموده بلکه سوءاستفادهً نیز میکنند. آژیر موتر های پولیس و یا هم امبولانس ها صرفأ برای مواقع اضطراری بوده و استفاده از آن در خیابان ها بی نظمی را ایجاد میکند. بعضأ زمانی که موتر جهت حمل خانواده های پولیس استفاده میشود از آژیر آن جهت متفرق نمودن ترافیک استفاده میشود.
فروش تیل موتر های دولتی یکی از راه های درآمد موتر داران میباشد. یکی از تاثیر های منفی این اقدام تشویق راننده جهت محدود ساختن گشت و گذار میباشد، راننده گان کمتر مایل اند تا تمام پهره های وظیفوی خود را اجرا نمایند، ترجیع داده میشود تا در سایه توقف نموده و تیل خود را برای فروش حفظ نمایند. خداداد یکی از تیل فروشان مرادخانی را دیدم که از یک عراده موتر دولتی تیل بیرون می آورد "(موتر های دولتی تیل) میکشند، بسیار زیاد میکشند، دریور ها (راننده گان) تیل را میکشند، همان تیل را که دولت برایش میدهد، در مسیر شان، مثلأ از اینجا تا به پلچرخی، ده لیتر تا آنجا مصرف دارد، او را میدهد پانزده لیتر، معاش نیست، خریبی نیست، همان پنج لیتر را میکشد و میگوید این را بگیر و به من پیسه بده"
برای اثبات موقف و قدرت خود مقامات دولتی خصوصأ در ولایات در پهلوی موتر دولتی خویش از یک یا چند عراده موتر شیشه سیاه شخصی نیز استفاده مینمایند. این موتر های شخصی به شکلی در ساختار اداره مربوطه گنجانیده شده است و اکثرأ مصارف تیل و نگهداری آن از جانب دولت پرداخته میشود. زمانی که مسوؤلین چند موتر از منزل به دفتر و یا برعکس آن میروند این وضعیت مصادف است به زمانی که همه مردم در جاده ها هستند ولی مسوؤلین دارای چند موتره بدون در نظر داشت حضور دیگران یا در جناح مخالف جاده حرکت نموده و یا خیلی ها پرخاشگرانه با جریان ترافیک و عابرین برخورد می نمایند. سمونوال جان آغا امر حوزه یازده ترافیک به ما گفت "اکثرأ این موتر های (مقامات) که بدون دست میایند خظ سیر خود را منعرف میسازند، ترافیک مقابل را مسدود میسازند. خود به خود این به ما یک مشکل است" یکی از وکلا شورای ملی به روز نوروز که جاده همه مسدود بودند حوصله اش را از دست داده و به لت و کوب ترافیک پرداخته بود، سمونوال جان آغا " موظفین ترافیک ما در گردنه باغ بالا که مصروف اجرا وظایف خود بودند، خوب یک کسی که قوانین و مقررات ترافیک را مراحت نکرده و بلاخره به لت و کوب یکی- دو نفر از موظفین پرداخته بود"
Friday, May 04, 2007
a letter to president
My name is Sanjar Qiam, 26 years old Afghan citizen; I intended to marry Sofya Panova, 24 years old, Russian Federation citizen in Afghanistan. Afghanistan laws or at least officials and religion don’t allow our marriage. “Among all religions only a Jewish or Christian girl can marry a Muslim man, only if she converts to Islam” said a judge of sixth district court. “The first step to your marriage is Sofya conversion into Islam by chief justice and then processing your marriage documents” said secretariat of Supreme Court. This is unfair and against Universal declaration of human rights, article 16th of the declaration states: ‘Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family’
Sofya converted to Islam and we got married. Now, we are trying to get our marriage documents authenticated, making it a valid document internationally, so Sofya’s visa problem would be resolved in Afghanistan, similarly for me in Russia. Sofya has a three month visa and she has spent almost 85 days in Afghanistan. Our marriage certificate is issued in the office of Ayatollah Moahqqiq Kabuli. The Russian embassy in Kabul asked us to get our document authenticated by ministry of foreign affairs.
Marriage Certificate Authentication:
The purpose of the authentication process is to establish a chain of authentication with respect to the signatures and stamp on the document. The stamps and signatures on our marriage certificate are not recognizable for Russian Embassy. In the normal course of affairs, only signatures known to the Russian embassy will be accepted. Generally speaking, the signatures are those of competent officials of Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Authentication is a formality by which Afghanistan consular agent certify the authenticity of the signature on our marriage certificate. by authenticating the marriage certificate, Afghan Authorities verifies that the signature which appears on the document is the true signature of who it purports to be. Authentication doesn’t mean that Afghan ministry of foreign affairs approve the content of marriage certificate.
'The Hague Convention (Apostilleverdrag, August - 1962) abolished the Requirements of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents, in this case being marriage certificate. The simple formality which has replaced legalisation is the addition of a certificate, or 'apostille. This means that an Apostille is needed from ministry of foreign affairs to accompany our marriage certificate.
Since neither Russia nor Afghanistan is signatory to all legalization conventions, it is necessary for our marriage certificate to be legalised by a number of bodies, resulting in a long series of signatures, so that the embassy in Kabul can legalise a signature he is familiar with. The same process has to be conversely followed in Russia in order to use it for visa or any other purpose.
Afghan ministry of foreign affairs refused to authenticate or Apostille our marriage certificate. “Ministry of foreign affair only approves (Taheed) document with legal grounding. We can’t just approve anyone” said Mohammad Dawod Panjshiri head of consular department at ministry of foreign affairs.
To summarize I think there is a great gap what the law and requirements of the law, and the knowledge, attitude and behavior of those who implement it.
Farida (whose last name I didn’t get), head of legal affairs department at the ministry of women affairs said “I understand you have a marriage document and it should only be authenticated. It could only be authenticated if you follow the procedure, you can’t change the system ... what is your point?” When I was telling Dawod Panjshiri at the ministry of foreign affairs, what I thought authentication should be, he said “you are a grown up, you are a journalist, please try to understand”
Marriage is a law; an ambiguous law
while I was trying to figure out the account of authentication/ Apostille, in the offices of ministry of foreign affairs and other ministries I realized there wasn’t a good understanding of it, the word legalization, authentication, notarization, certification, validation were used interchangeably. This is where my curiosity aroused, why not to have a clear legal terminology. But I found the answer for it on Monday. Jabar Sabit, Afghanistan’s chief prosecutor was summoned by the national assembly for questioning over the fate of 4000 prisoners who whose fate is undetermined or has passed their sentence, Jabar said “we don’t have a good legal structure. We can’t process a suspect in less than nine months” when the MPs brought up the issue of torture and abuse in Poli-Charkhi jail, Sabit joked “shall I have the head of poli-charkhi arrested?”
Following the chain of signatures and in pursuit of assistance, our documents have been at least to three ministries and Supreme Court, and it’s been touched by at least 50 hands (50 pair of hands). But it’s not yet legalized.
Our marriage certificate is issued by Mohaqiq Kabuli office “Shias are still discriminate. I am going to write an article outlining all the cases of discrimination against shias, including this one. the only reason the ministry of foreign affairs is giving you trouble is because your document is Shia” said Kamran Mirhazar editor of internet based Kabul Press. “I have the same marriage certificate and my wife is Iranian, I had no trouble getting her a one year Afghan residency” he added. Dual behavior of state institution is a clear sign of discrimination and is enforcing Kamran’s point. I contacted Mr. Allemi, the Mullah at Mohaqiq Kabuli office and he was shocked when he heard the government refuses to certify our marriage registration “the marriage certificate we have issued for couples have been used in Afghan city and abroad” he said. Afghan constitution is ensuring religious freedoms for Shias and Shia courts and judicial “the marriage certificate you have is not official, it’s the judiciary which issues the official ones. In Takia Khana chindawal, we are issuing marriage certificate to and it was used abroad, in china and Europe, but not anymore” said Mohammad Baqir Sahibzada, mullah of chindawal taakiakhana and an MP.
First district, a shia part of Kabul, was the most helpful. Although, I am not living in the first district, they offered to put a lot of stamps on the marriage certificate. They supposed if the certificate is approved by first district, the ministry of foreign affairs might authenticate it.
The man in smart suit with a flag of Afghanistan on his chest, at the consulate department of ministry of foreign affairs told us to go to Supreme Court and they will instruct us how to get a legal marriage certificate. “the supreme court is not where the process starts, if you start at your district court, the procedures will bring you to the supreme court” said the marriage certificate section of supreme court. Abdul Matin Hamdam, director of investigation in Afghanistan’s prosecutor office explained the process as following “you go to district court on their office hours, he will send you to office of residence registration who will give you a form, you fill out the form and go to the court with the witnesses. After your registration at the district court they will send you to the provincial court where you’ll be referred to residence registration again. Then you’ll go to your local Mullah where you’ll get married again and the witnesses will sign again, you should preferably have the witnesses of first marriage. Then you bring the form back to provincial court where it will be stamped. Then you take the form to a ‘Darul Wakalla’ where it will be officially translated, from there it goes to ministry of justice who will approve the Darul Wakala, afterward you take the document to supreme court where the stamp approval of your marriage certificate and it’s translation. Then it goes to ministry of foreign affairs for legalization” I was quite confused I wrote this all down and called Faiz M. Nayab, editor in chief of Radio Salam Watandar, I asked Mr. Nayab to explain the process again, he said “Sofya has to convert to Islam again and this time most likely to Sunni Islam” what is Sofya’s muslim name? he asked “Fatima binta Evgeniy” I said. “She will probably get another name too” Nayab added. “What if Sofya doesn’t want to convert to Islam?” I asked Dawod Panjshiri, head of consulate department of ministry of foreign affairs “I don’t think you can get married. But just convert” he shrugged his shoulder and narrowed his eyes as a sign of ‘what is the big deal’! after few days I found my district court and told Mr. Abdul Haiy at six district court that we want to get married “does Sofya’s parents know about it?” he asked. i asked “why does that matter?” he give me a suspicious look and said “it doesn’t matter for the court. We have to send you to ‘Wakil Guzar’ head of the neighborhood and he might want to know” I was curious about the head of the neighborhood, I soon found out he is not part of the court system and he is a guy who acts on behalf of the neighborhood, although the system is called official but it’s a combination of official and unofficial system. The official system relies for information on unofficial system because there is no recording system at the official system. The unofficial system is based on favors and bribery if I pay Wakil Guzar he approves if not he send me to neighbor whom I absolutely don’t know. I came back to Mr. Nayab and told him my findings, he thought for awhile as he was rubbing his hand on his shaved chin and said “all this could be done without a headache if you bribe some judges”
I have been to several district courts in search to find one with the easiest process. The process could be made very easy with a little cash motivation but I am not going down that path. A friend of mine in district 3rd made it possible to go to the 3rd court, the judge said “this is weird, we haven’t had anyone yet marrying a non-Muslim, I will talk with the boss and come back in the afternoon” in the afternoon three of them were sitting in the office with very serious faces, the boss started “we need to have some formal request for arranging your marriage, we need a letter from Russian embassy in Kabul to say you guys are getting married” it was a waste of time I went to district court 6th and the judge said “you are going on the wrong path. i.e. bottom to up. It’s an up to down approach, you should go to supreme court office and file two separate requests, one for marriage and one for Sofya conversion” quite confused by courts I contacted a journalist friend, Asar Hakimi “marriage is a civil issue while we are not civilized people, 99% of our marriages are social” he said.
“marriage is my tradition; whoever turns away from my tradition is not among my followers” these are the words of Mohammad, prophet of Islam, I was listening to this on the radio, as the music was fading in a radio spot started, a judge was persuading a villager to register his marriage “registered marriages help with social benefits and the protection of husband and wife rights” this message was part of a multi-million dollar project by an NGO and ministry of women affairs. 99% of Afghan marriages are unregistered and there is a growing concern about the well being of women with multi-wives husband.
I decided to go to ministry of women affairs to seek their support in legalization of our marriage certificate. “why do you need to legalize this document? If Sofya is staying in Kabul, you should ask the president to give her Afghan citizenship” said Malia Sahak, deputy minister of women affairs. i told her the version of legalization I knew from the website of UK foreign office “Legalisation is the official confirmation that a signature, seal or stamp appearing on a document is genuine. Having a document legalised does not mean that the content of a document is accurate or that the Foreign office approves of it”
She asked Sofya why she is marrying me “because I love him” said Sofya in broken Farsi, she broke into laughter and started fumbling through papers she looked at me and said my husband has studied in Moscow “he must have enjoyed sweeties like her” I took that with a smile and translated a nicer version of it, to help Sofya join the laughter.
deputy minister of women affairs was making a phone call to help, when she found out that I am Sanjar Qiam, a journalist who did a piece on Massooda Jalal, former minister of women affairs who was beaten up by her husband so badly during her final months of pregnancy which resulted in miscourage; she put the phone down and said she couldn’t help us. Frankly, I was not particularly impressed by them either. I am wondering how a ministry could stand for women’s rights whose deputy believes ‘women are sweetie for men to enjoy’.
Why shouldn’t marriage be part of Judicial?
Judiciary is the most corrupted column of Afghanistan. Judiciary is not generally trusted by public, a recent study shows:
One-third had faith in local elders for resolving any problem …
Another 16% said they would approach government courts.
Marriage shouldn’t be a complicated judicial case. This will encourage marriage registration, marriages which are recognized by the civil authorities will protect women rights, children and their lives, it will eventually prevent men who engage in polygamy that is condoned under certain situation.
In many countries civil marriages are merely a registration. Civil marriage law made the declaration of the marriage before an official clerk of the civil administration (both spouses affirming their will to marry) the procedure to make a marriage legally valid and effective, and reduced the clerical marriage to an optional private ceremony.
A marriage is an interpersonal relationship with governmental, social, or religious recognition, and created as a contract. The marriage certificate we are currently holding is issued by a religious authority, but its not recognized by the government “this is a commercial document and has no basis for us” said the official in ‘Zatia’ (marriage document section of supreme court) department. This is while the government is recognized by religion and constitutionally nothing could be contrary to religion.
The most likely civil marriage process:
Civil marriage is not clear “the document you from Moaqiq office is Harfi (costumary), it’s not official, sharaie marriage document is only issued by the court” said the judge of first district. The term civil is referred to as Sharaie, perhaps based on the assumption that all afghan laws are based on sharia. The process is not clear at all, it’s random and at the mercy of the corrupt judge. What comes in civil marriage media spot is no where near reality. while I was attempting to try every single district court, to find the easiest. I went on the internet to find contacts for district court but there was nothing. Then I went to Kabul court, family court, penal court, Supreme Court in search of the number. “you know how dangerous its for judges in Afghanistan because of the serious security concerns, we can’t give you any number” said the head of Kabul court.
To marry a foreign citizen an Afghan citizen should follow the following steps, The process could take several months. This is only when it’s a Male Afghan citizen, the process is different when a female Afghan citizen is marrying a foreigner “when a foreign woman is marrying an Afghan, we find out through her embassy that she is not already married or criminally convicted” said at the fifth district court. I think this is bias and unfair.
A Letter of Non-Impediment to Marriage ("marriage letter") should be prepared in the home country of the foreign partner. This form (partner’s language) contains basic information, marital statue, criminal record (and any other information which the judge wishes to have which I don’t know at this point). The letter comes to the respected embassy and from there it’s official translated in a ‘Darul Waqala’ the letter then goes to ministry of justice for endorsement of Darul Waqala. Then the letter comes to ministry of foreign affairs. the ministry of foreign affair give a copy to the relevant court. This is against the 1961 Hague Convention abolishing Requirement of Legalization for Foreign Public Documents. ideal, an international document destined for use in Afghanistan should be certified by one of the officials in the jurisdiction in which the document has been executed.
A letter of Non-impediment to marriage should be prepared by Afghan partner. After bringing a letter of criminal clearance from police, the neighborhood representative confirms of applicants good character. The neighborhood representative also confirms applicant’s martial statue.
take all the documents, including original passport (with a translation), the authenticated original death or divorce decree (if any) (with translation), and the authenticated Letter of Non-Impediment to Marriage, with translation to supreme court.
A petition should be formed form Supreme court, with the approval of supreme court documents should be delivered to Kabul court. After the approval of Kabul court, I am referred to penal court. (court structure is confusing, I am trying to get an organogram, I have been to at least half a dozen).
Kabul court sent me to district court, I was sent to 5th district court, where my parents live because Kabul court considered it as my permanent court. Then I was to. The fifth district court referred me to sixth district court and that is where Sofya and I live. The sixth district court referred me to seventh district court, where the Russian embassy is. According to the head of sixth district court the marriage takes place in the area where the embassy of the wife is located.
The court gave me an application, application goes to municipality, the municipality asks the representative of the neighborhood to fill it out the representative of the neighborhood asks the neighbor to supply the information. Once I have the information I have to get approval of neighborhood representative and municipality and then bring it to district court.
The district court marries the couple again and sends the certificate to Kabul court, with the approval of Kabul court it goes to Supreme Court for final validation.
The marriage certificate should be translated by an official translator and then brought to ministry of justice.
The translated version is authenticated by ministry of foreign affairs.
Let’s do it, please:
Nothing could be passed in any court without bribery “if things go with you smoothly, give me a telephone top up card” mobile card has replaced tea, it’s the new bribe phrase for court cleaners. Once passed him, the judges, administrators and chiefs have a pact, in two district courts I have paid 6000 Afghanis “this money is not going to me, I feed the big fish and colleagues” told me the administrator in one of the courts. 6000 has only got part of my work done. Small bribes only move the process from one court to another. It’s cheaper to pay one lump sum amount of bribe for getting everything done. Its going to cost US$2000 in bribe, for me to get a marriage document “the court (first district) had similar cases where US$3000 or 4000 was paid, this is a reasonable amount to show a good gesture, it’s a matter of virtue, and make a good impression to your wife who has converted to Islam” was told in the first district court “god bless corrupt officials” said an old man waiting in a line in seventh district our “we would never get anything done in Afghanistan if they didn’t exist” I don’t believe in that, corrupt officials make the process complicated to get what they want, in a broader scenario they are harming the society, they are the public face of the government and they introduce government as a monster which can’t be changed and reformed and the public has no say in it’s affairs and how it conduct business. The injustice will continue as long as people pay, civil servants already think it’s their right to thief people. Sonia was very frustrated in seventh district court.
7th district staff started pouring into the yard, as our debate on corruption was warming up “this is not corruption, its assisting a Muslim who is paid 3500 AFs in a month, which is in not enough at all” said a Kabul municipality employee “I don’t think your government compelled them to take the job, they made a conscious choice” said Sonya, it’s unlikely that civil servants and especially the judges are told that they are paid 3500Afs plus they could rape off the public. “It’s your fault that you translated everything for Sofya, the Sharia commands to consensus and your action is unislamic” said another court staff when talking to me.
In the office of 7th district where Sofya and I were getting married the chief judge said “what is with your hair?” I pretended, I didn’t hear him, there was a look of suspicion and distrust in the eyes of judges “your hair style is girly and I don’t like it” the chief justice continued. it heathenly saddens me to hear anything like it, disregarding who it’s addressed to and especially when it comes from the head of a court, it reminds me Taliban, it reminds me that Taliban are at our door steps and waiting, we continue our mistakes so they could come back. It’s a human right and an Islamic notion that one shouldn’t be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, nor to be attacked upon his honour and reputation.
We can bring justice to judiciary. As an Afghan citizen I am fully prepared to go to many courts and fake a judicial case .i.e. my marriage, and gather evidence against corrupt officials. Through media we can launch a public campaign encourage the public to gather evidence against corrupt officials.
However this is not going to solve the problem, corruption starts from the top and the lower level staff is often a medium. Tackling top level corruption requires policy decision and that is not in the hands of citizen, eradicating top level as well as bottom level corruption also require reforming judicial system and the way government is run in Afghanistan.
Best,
Sanjar
April 23, 2007
Sofya converted to Islam and we got married. Now, we are trying to get our marriage documents authenticated, making it a valid document internationally, so Sofya’s visa problem would be resolved in Afghanistan, similarly for me in Russia. Sofya has a three month visa and she has spent almost 85 days in Afghanistan. Our marriage certificate is issued in the office of Ayatollah Moahqqiq Kabuli. The Russian embassy in Kabul asked us to get our document authenticated by ministry of foreign affairs.
Marriage Certificate Authentication:
The purpose of the authentication process is to establish a chain of authentication with respect to the signatures and stamp on the document. The stamps and signatures on our marriage certificate are not recognizable for Russian Embassy. In the normal course of affairs, only signatures known to the Russian embassy will be accepted. Generally speaking, the signatures are those of competent officials of Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Authentication is a formality by which Afghanistan consular agent certify the authenticity of the signature on our marriage certificate. by authenticating the marriage certificate, Afghan Authorities verifies that the signature which appears on the document is the true signature of who it purports to be. Authentication doesn’t mean that Afghan ministry of foreign affairs approve the content of marriage certificate.
'The Hague Convention (Apostilleverdrag, August - 1962) abolished the Requirements of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents, in this case being marriage certificate. The simple formality which has replaced legalisation is the addition of a certificate, or 'apostille. This means that an Apostille is needed from ministry of foreign affairs to accompany our marriage certificate.
Since neither Russia nor Afghanistan is signatory to all legalization conventions, it is necessary for our marriage certificate to be legalised by a number of bodies, resulting in a long series of signatures, so that the embassy in Kabul can legalise a signature he is familiar with. The same process has to be conversely followed in Russia in order to use it for visa or any other purpose.
Afghan ministry of foreign affairs refused to authenticate or Apostille our marriage certificate. “Ministry of foreign affair only approves (Taheed) document with legal grounding. We can’t just approve anyone” said Mohammad Dawod Panjshiri head of consular department at ministry of foreign affairs.
To summarize I think there is a great gap what the law and requirements of the law, and the knowledge, attitude and behavior of those who implement it.
Farida (whose last name I didn’t get), head of legal affairs department at the ministry of women affairs said “I understand you have a marriage document and it should only be authenticated. It could only be authenticated if you follow the procedure, you can’t change the system ... what is your point?” When I was telling Dawod Panjshiri at the ministry of foreign affairs, what I thought authentication should be, he said “you are a grown up, you are a journalist, please try to understand”
Marriage is a law; an ambiguous law
while I was trying to figure out the account of authentication/ Apostille, in the offices of ministry of foreign affairs and other ministries I realized there wasn’t a good understanding of it, the word legalization, authentication, notarization, certification, validation were used interchangeably. This is where my curiosity aroused, why not to have a clear legal terminology. But I found the answer for it on Monday. Jabar Sabit, Afghanistan’s chief prosecutor was summoned by the national assembly for questioning over the fate of 4000 prisoners who whose fate is undetermined or has passed their sentence, Jabar said “we don’t have a good legal structure. We can’t process a suspect in less than nine months” when the MPs brought up the issue of torture and abuse in Poli-Charkhi jail, Sabit joked “shall I have the head of poli-charkhi arrested?”
Following the chain of signatures and in pursuit of assistance, our documents have been at least to three ministries and Supreme Court, and it’s been touched by at least 50 hands (50 pair of hands). But it’s not yet legalized.
Our marriage certificate is issued by Mohaqiq Kabuli office “Shias are still discriminate. I am going to write an article outlining all the cases of discrimination against shias, including this one. the only reason the ministry of foreign affairs is giving you trouble is because your document is Shia” said Kamran Mirhazar editor of internet based Kabul Press. “I have the same marriage certificate and my wife is Iranian, I had no trouble getting her a one year Afghan residency” he added. Dual behavior of state institution is a clear sign of discrimination and is enforcing Kamran’s point. I contacted Mr. Allemi, the Mullah at Mohaqiq Kabuli office and he was shocked when he heard the government refuses to certify our marriage registration “the marriage certificate we have issued for couples have been used in Afghan city and abroad” he said. Afghan constitution is ensuring religious freedoms for Shias and Shia courts and judicial “the marriage certificate you have is not official, it’s the judiciary which issues the official ones. In Takia Khana chindawal, we are issuing marriage certificate to and it was used abroad, in china and Europe, but not anymore” said Mohammad Baqir Sahibzada, mullah of chindawal taakiakhana and an MP.
First district, a shia part of Kabul, was the most helpful. Although, I am not living in the first district, they offered to put a lot of stamps on the marriage certificate. They supposed if the certificate is approved by first district, the ministry of foreign affairs might authenticate it.
The man in smart suit with a flag of Afghanistan on his chest, at the consulate department of ministry of foreign affairs told us to go to Supreme Court and they will instruct us how to get a legal marriage certificate. “the supreme court is not where the process starts, if you start at your district court, the procedures will bring you to the supreme court” said the marriage certificate section of supreme court. Abdul Matin Hamdam, director of investigation in Afghanistan’s prosecutor office explained the process as following “you go to district court on their office hours, he will send you to office of residence registration who will give you a form, you fill out the form and go to the court with the witnesses. After your registration at the district court they will send you to the provincial court where you’ll be referred to residence registration again. Then you’ll go to your local Mullah where you’ll get married again and the witnesses will sign again, you should preferably have the witnesses of first marriage. Then you bring the form back to provincial court where it will be stamped. Then you take the form to a ‘Darul Wakalla’ where it will be officially translated, from there it goes to ministry of justice who will approve the Darul Wakala, afterward you take the document to supreme court where the stamp approval of your marriage certificate and it’s translation. Then it goes to ministry of foreign affairs for legalization” I was quite confused I wrote this all down and called Faiz M. Nayab, editor in chief of Radio Salam Watandar, I asked Mr. Nayab to explain the process again, he said “Sofya has to convert to Islam again and this time most likely to Sunni Islam” what is Sofya’s muslim name? he asked “Fatima binta Evgeniy” I said. “She will probably get another name too” Nayab added. “What if Sofya doesn’t want to convert to Islam?” I asked Dawod Panjshiri, head of consulate department of ministry of foreign affairs “I don’t think you can get married. But just convert” he shrugged his shoulder and narrowed his eyes as a sign of ‘what is the big deal’! after few days I found my district court and told Mr. Abdul Haiy at six district court that we want to get married “does Sofya’s parents know about it?” he asked. i asked “why does that matter?” he give me a suspicious look and said “it doesn’t matter for the court. We have to send you to ‘Wakil Guzar’ head of the neighborhood and he might want to know” I was curious about the head of the neighborhood, I soon found out he is not part of the court system and he is a guy who acts on behalf of the neighborhood, although the system is called official but it’s a combination of official and unofficial system. The official system relies for information on unofficial system because there is no recording system at the official system. The unofficial system is based on favors and bribery if I pay Wakil Guzar he approves if not he send me to neighbor whom I absolutely don’t know. I came back to Mr. Nayab and told him my findings, he thought for awhile as he was rubbing his hand on his shaved chin and said “all this could be done without a headache if you bribe some judges”
I have been to several district courts in search to find one with the easiest process. The process could be made very easy with a little cash motivation but I am not going down that path. A friend of mine in district 3rd made it possible to go to the 3rd court, the judge said “this is weird, we haven’t had anyone yet marrying a non-Muslim, I will talk with the boss and come back in the afternoon” in the afternoon three of them were sitting in the office with very serious faces, the boss started “we need to have some formal request for arranging your marriage, we need a letter from Russian embassy in Kabul to say you guys are getting married” it was a waste of time I went to district court 6th and the judge said “you are going on the wrong path. i.e. bottom to up. It’s an up to down approach, you should go to supreme court office and file two separate requests, one for marriage and one for Sofya conversion” quite confused by courts I contacted a journalist friend, Asar Hakimi “marriage is a civil issue while we are not civilized people, 99% of our marriages are social” he said.
“marriage is my tradition; whoever turns away from my tradition is not among my followers” these are the words of Mohammad, prophet of Islam, I was listening to this on the radio, as the music was fading in a radio spot started, a judge was persuading a villager to register his marriage “registered marriages help with social benefits and the protection of husband and wife rights” this message was part of a multi-million dollar project by an NGO and ministry of women affairs. 99% of Afghan marriages are unregistered and there is a growing concern about the well being of women with multi-wives husband.
I decided to go to ministry of women affairs to seek their support in legalization of our marriage certificate. “why do you need to legalize this document? If Sofya is staying in Kabul, you should ask the president to give her Afghan citizenship” said Malia Sahak, deputy minister of women affairs. i told her the version of legalization I knew from the website of UK foreign office “Legalisation is the official confirmation that a signature, seal or stamp appearing on a document is genuine. Having a document legalised does not mean that the content of a document is accurate or that the Foreign office approves of it”
She asked Sofya why she is marrying me “because I love him” said Sofya in broken Farsi, she broke into laughter and started fumbling through papers she looked at me and said my husband has studied in Moscow “he must have enjoyed sweeties like her” I took that with a smile and translated a nicer version of it, to help Sofya join the laughter.
deputy minister of women affairs was making a phone call to help, when she found out that I am Sanjar Qiam, a journalist who did a piece on Massooda Jalal, former minister of women affairs who was beaten up by her husband so badly during her final months of pregnancy which resulted in miscourage; she put the phone down and said she couldn’t help us. Frankly, I was not particularly impressed by them either. I am wondering how a ministry could stand for women’s rights whose deputy believes ‘women are sweetie for men to enjoy’.
Why shouldn’t marriage be part of Judicial?
Judiciary is the most corrupted column of Afghanistan. Judiciary is not generally trusted by public, a recent study shows:
One-third had faith in local elders for resolving any problem …
Another 16% said they would approach government courts.
Marriage shouldn’t be a complicated judicial case. This will encourage marriage registration, marriages which are recognized by the civil authorities will protect women rights, children and their lives, it will eventually prevent men who engage in polygamy that is condoned under certain situation.
In many countries civil marriages are merely a registration. Civil marriage law made the declaration of the marriage before an official clerk of the civil administration (both spouses affirming their will to marry) the procedure to make a marriage legally valid and effective, and reduced the clerical marriage to an optional private ceremony.
A marriage is an interpersonal relationship with governmental, social, or religious recognition, and created as a contract. The marriage certificate we are currently holding is issued by a religious authority, but its not recognized by the government “this is a commercial document and has no basis for us” said the official in ‘Zatia’ (marriage document section of supreme court) department. This is while the government is recognized by religion and constitutionally nothing could be contrary to religion.
The most likely civil marriage process:
Civil marriage is not clear “the document you from Moaqiq office is Harfi (costumary), it’s not official, sharaie marriage document is only issued by the court” said the judge of first district. The term civil is referred to as Sharaie, perhaps based on the assumption that all afghan laws are based on sharia. The process is not clear at all, it’s random and at the mercy of the corrupt judge. What comes in civil marriage media spot is no where near reality. while I was attempting to try every single district court, to find the easiest. I went on the internet to find contacts for district court but there was nothing. Then I went to Kabul court, family court, penal court, Supreme Court in search of the number. “you know how dangerous its for judges in Afghanistan because of the serious security concerns, we can’t give you any number” said the head of Kabul court.
To marry a foreign citizen an Afghan citizen should follow the following steps, The process could take several months. This is only when it’s a Male Afghan citizen, the process is different when a female Afghan citizen is marrying a foreigner “when a foreign woman is marrying an Afghan, we find out through her embassy that she is not already married or criminally convicted” said at the fifth district court. I think this is bias and unfair.
A Letter of Non-Impediment to Marriage ("marriage letter") should be prepared in the home country of the foreign partner. This form (partner’s language) contains basic information, marital statue, criminal record (and any other information which the judge wishes to have which I don’t know at this point). The letter comes to the respected embassy and from there it’s official translated in a ‘Darul Waqala’ the letter then goes to ministry of justice for endorsement of Darul Waqala. Then the letter comes to ministry of foreign affairs. the ministry of foreign affair give a copy to the relevant court. This is against the 1961 Hague Convention abolishing Requirement of Legalization for Foreign Public Documents. ideal, an international document destined for use in Afghanistan should be certified by one of the officials in the jurisdiction in which the document has been executed.
A letter of Non-impediment to marriage should be prepared by Afghan partner. After bringing a letter of criminal clearance from police, the neighborhood representative confirms of applicants good character. The neighborhood representative also confirms applicant’s martial statue.
take all the documents, including original passport (with a translation), the authenticated original death or divorce decree (if any) (with translation), and the authenticated Letter of Non-Impediment to Marriage, with translation to supreme court.
A petition should be formed form Supreme court, with the approval of supreme court documents should be delivered to Kabul court. After the approval of Kabul court, I am referred to penal court. (court structure is confusing, I am trying to get an organogram, I have been to at least half a dozen).
Kabul court sent me to district court, I was sent to 5th district court, where my parents live because Kabul court considered it as my permanent court. Then I was to. The fifth district court referred me to sixth district court and that is where Sofya and I live. The sixth district court referred me to seventh district court, where the Russian embassy is. According to the head of sixth district court the marriage takes place in the area where the embassy of the wife is located.
The court gave me an application, application goes to municipality, the municipality asks the representative of the neighborhood to fill it out the representative of the neighborhood asks the neighbor to supply the information. Once I have the information I have to get approval of neighborhood representative and municipality and then bring it to district court.
The district court marries the couple again and sends the certificate to Kabul court, with the approval of Kabul court it goes to Supreme Court for final validation.
The marriage certificate should be translated by an official translator and then brought to ministry of justice.
The translated version is authenticated by ministry of foreign affairs.
Let’s do it, please:
Nothing could be passed in any court without bribery “if things go with you smoothly, give me a telephone top up card” mobile card has replaced tea, it’s the new bribe phrase for court cleaners. Once passed him, the judges, administrators and chiefs have a pact, in two district courts I have paid 6000 Afghanis “this money is not going to me, I feed the big fish and colleagues” told me the administrator in one of the courts. 6000 has only got part of my work done. Small bribes only move the process from one court to another. It’s cheaper to pay one lump sum amount of bribe for getting everything done. Its going to cost US$2000 in bribe, for me to get a marriage document “the court (first district) had similar cases where US$3000 or 4000 was paid, this is a reasonable amount to show a good gesture, it’s a matter of virtue, and make a good impression to your wife who has converted to Islam” was told in the first district court “god bless corrupt officials” said an old man waiting in a line in seventh district our “we would never get anything done in Afghanistan if they didn’t exist” I don’t believe in that, corrupt officials make the process complicated to get what they want, in a broader scenario they are harming the society, they are the public face of the government and they introduce government as a monster which can’t be changed and reformed and the public has no say in it’s affairs and how it conduct business. The injustice will continue as long as people pay, civil servants already think it’s their right to thief people. Sonia was very frustrated in seventh district court.
7th district staff started pouring into the yard, as our debate on corruption was warming up “this is not corruption, its assisting a Muslim who is paid 3500 AFs in a month, which is in not enough at all” said a Kabul municipality employee “I don’t think your government compelled them to take the job, they made a conscious choice” said Sonya, it’s unlikely that civil servants and especially the judges are told that they are paid 3500Afs plus they could rape off the public. “It’s your fault that you translated everything for Sofya, the Sharia commands to consensus and your action is unislamic” said another court staff when talking to me.
In the office of 7th district where Sofya and I were getting married the chief judge said “what is with your hair?” I pretended, I didn’t hear him, there was a look of suspicion and distrust in the eyes of judges “your hair style is girly and I don’t like it” the chief justice continued. it heathenly saddens me to hear anything like it, disregarding who it’s addressed to and especially when it comes from the head of a court, it reminds me Taliban, it reminds me that Taliban are at our door steps and waiting, we continue our mistakes so they could come back. It’s a human right and an Islamic notion that one shouldn’t be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, nor to be attacked upon his honour and reputation.
We can bring justice to judiciary. As an Afghan citizen I am fully prepared to go to many courts and fake a judicial case .i.e. my marriage, and gather evidence against corrupt officials. Through media we can launch a public campaign encourage the public to gather evidence against corrupt officials.
However this is not going to solve the problem, corruption starts from the top and the lower level staff is often a medium. Tackling top level corruption requires policy decision and that is not in the hands of citizen, eradicating top level as well as bottom level corruption also require reforming judicial system and the way government is run in Afghanistan.
Best,
Sanjar
April 23, 2007
Thursday, May 03, 2007
Marriage of Inconvenience
The case of a woman whose “husband” is a six-year-old child highlights the problems of childhood betrothals in Afghanistan. Gulghoti is a beautiful young woman of 25. Her dark eyes soften, then fill with tears as she looks at Hekmat, a quiet, skinny six-year-old who lives with her. “I have brought him up since he was three,” she said, her voice breaking. “I even used to feed him.” The boy is not her child, her brother, or even her stepson. He is her husband. “My life is just one big problem,” she said. “Please tell other people not to do this.” Six years ago, Gulghoti, who lives in southern Helmand province, married a young man to whom she had been betrothed since they were both children. Once the parents had agreed on the match and the terms, the deal was almost impossible to break, even after her fiancé was seriously injured in an accident. Her father died when she was young, and her widowed mother did not have the means to resist pressure to honour the contract. Gulghoti duly married her disabled fiance when she was 19, but he died after a year, leaving her a widow. According to custom in this predominantly Pashtun region, once a woman marries, she remains more or less the property of her husband’s family. If she is widowed, she will commonly be married off to a relative of her deceased husband. “I had to obey these rules, and marry my husband’s younger brother,” said Gulghoti. This happened despite the fact that Hekmat was only three at the time. “They forced me to marry this baby,” she said. “By the time he reaches adolescence, I will be an old woman.” Hekmat does not understand that the woman who bathes him, looks after him, and prepares his meals is actually his wife. He calls her “khala” - “auntie”. He is small and shy, and shrinks away from strangers. He does not attend school – no one in his family is literate. In Afghanistan, parents sometimes betroth their children almost as soon as they are born. There are cases of 10-day-old children being engaged or even married to each other, despite legal and religious prohibitions against underage marriages. In most deals, a significant amount of money changes hands. The groom’s family provides a bride-price, along with gifts of clothing, jewellery, sometimes livestock. The transaction makes it difficult to renege on the contract later on. The custom is dying out in certain parts of the country, but there are still many instances where people such as Gulghoti and Hekmat are caught in a situation they cannot control. “I will never be happy,” said Gulghoti. “I will never be a real wife.” The young woman lives in her husband’s home, as is customary, and trembles with fear that he father-in-law might hear that she has spoken to a reporter. “But please give my message to others,” she begged. “Tell parents not to arrange marriages for their children when they are babies. It only leads to this kind of catastrophe.”
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)